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NURS 319: Diseases

Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases

QuestionAnswer
host human or animal invaded and colonized by pathogen
pathogen microorganisms capable of causing infectious disease
colonization pathogen living in host (does not automatically imply infection)
infection invasion, colonization, and multiplication of pathogens
virulence ability to produce cells
reservoir pathogen source
vector living being that can carry pathogen from reservoir to host
epidemiology study of distribution and determination of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems
incidence # of individuals who develop a specific disease or experience a specific health-related event during a particular time period
prevalence measure of how common a disease process is found in a specified at-risk population at a specific time point or during a specified time period
endemic disease is consistently present but limited to a particular region
epidemic unexpected increase in # of disease cases in a specific geographical area
pandemic worldwide spread of new disease
what are examples of normal microbial flora and when do they become an issue? normal microbial flora: GI tract, vaginal become an issue when they travel to other places ex: GI bacteria in lungs = pneumonia
most common portals of entry into the body skin (cuts), respiratory tract (inhalation), GI tract (contaminated food/drink), genitourinary tract (urethra), blood-blood transmission (blood transfusion/ needle sharing), maternal-fetal transmission (cross placental barrier)
5 stages of infection? 1. incubation 2. prodromal 3. acute 4. convalescent 5. resolution
what happens in the incubation stage? microorganisms begin replication without identifiable symptoms (not noticed)
what happens in the prodromal stage? initial symptoms appear (vague and general) [contagious here]
what happens in the acute stage? full disease signs and symptoms present; immune system fully engaged (patient still contagious)
what happens in the convalescent stage? body contains and eliminates pathogen; resolution begins (days, weeks, or months)
what happens in the resolution stage? pathogen totally eliminated from body; completely healed, no symptoms
The most common clinical microbiology stain is the gram stain
the results of the gram stain are based on the cell wall of the bacteria. purple / pink means purple: gram positive pink: gram negative
what are ways as a nurse can prevent infectious disease? wash hands, follow protocol/ procedures know what causes infection and how to diagnose them and what antibiotic can be used to treat them
what is the difference between anaerobic bacteria and aerobic bacteria? anaerobic: grows in environments without oxygen aerobic: needs oxygen to grow and spread
the gram-positive bacteria is the leading cause of health-care associated infections staphylococcal aureus - colonizes skin, vagina, nares, oropharynx; toxins and proteases break down protein and develop resistance
what are some examples of antibiotic resistance to staphylococcal aureus? MRSA: methicillin-resistant VRSA: vancomycin- resistant
What is the gram-negative bacteria that is found in most patients after being in the hospital for 1 or more weeks and what are portals of entry for the bacteria? pseudomonas aeruginosa (UTI or bloodstream entry; infection in lungs causes pneumonia) very dangerous for someone with lowered immune system
What bacteria is the most common cause of UTIs in women? What are the other ways the bacteria can be spread? Candida (fungal) vulvovaginal candidasis: yeast infection (urethra, bacteria from GI tract)
how lyme disease is spread/ common symptoms Lyme disease is spread by tick bites symptoms: fatigue, muscle/ joint pain, headaches, fever, chills, neck stiffness
difference between rhinovirus and influenza rhinovirus: common cold, direct contact/ droplet, incubation period: 1-2 days; adults get 3-4 colds per year influenza: virus, annual outbreaks, high mutation rate, may lasts 2 weeks or longer, can cause upper/lower respiratory tract infections
what are types of localized candida infections and what are the symptoms? thrush and vulvovaginal symptoms: itching, discharge, pain, dysuria, vaginal irritation
systemic type of yeast infection that can be fatal vulvovaginal candidasis
what is the primary host of toxoplasmosis, how is it spread, and who is at risk for developing this illness? cat is primary host; spread by touching cat feces, then hands to mouth; also by uncooked meats pregnant women are at highest risk- causes major defects in fetus (fever, enlarged liver, thrombocytopenia, vision issues)
what are examples of helminths and prions? prions: mad cow disease- causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (brain looks like sponge) helminths: worms that cause infection - hookworm (worms live in small intestine and cause issues)
Created by: lcorlew1
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