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logical fallacies

AP LANG KIDS!!! HERE YOU GO!!!

QuestionAnswer
ad hominem an argument "directed against a person [either their character or their qualifications] rather than the position they are maintaining." Latin: to the man
appeal to doubtful authority the treatment of a non-expert as an expert. celebrity endorsements use this fallacy.
false analogy comparing two ideas or situations that are not fully comparable. these are difficult to catch sometimes because they seem so logical.
circular reasoning/begging the question an argument where the major premise is the same (maybe reworded) as the conclusion
false dilemma arguments that present only two outcomes when three or more outcomes are possible. politicians love these. these fallacies often appeal to fear.
equivocation an argument that changes the definition of a word or phrase in the course of an argument
hasty or sweepy generalization an argument that appeals to a sample of examples that is too small. this argument analyzes one person and assumes that all are like that one person (or small group of people)
stereotyping imposing onto one person a generalization based on a group of individuals who share a common trait
misleading statistic an argument that uses a fact in isolation. context is king.
non sequitur an argument where the conclusion has no connection to the premises. Latin: it does not follow
post hoc, ergo propter hoc an argument that credits or blames an event or situation simply because it happened prior to another event. Latin: after this, therefore because of this
red herring an argument switches the focus from the original argument presented.
straw-man argument an argument that "misrepresents someone's argument [either intentionally or unintentionally] to make it easier to attack"
tu quoque an argument that attempts to defeat their opponent based on hypocrisy. if the opponent cannot follow his own advice, his advice must be invalid. Latin: you, too
slippery slope an argument that exaggerates the potential consequences of an event or choice. political ads or some pharmaceutical commercials.
Created by: cece_hope24
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