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Unit 4 MWH

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Summerville High School

TermDefinition
Scientific Revolution Period in the mid-1500s, when scientists began to question accepted beliefs about the world and make new theories based on experimentation.
Geocentric Theory Theory that the Earth was the center of the universe.
Heliocentric Theory Theory that the sun is the center of the universe.
Nicolas Copernicus developed heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler laws of planetary motion - proved heliocentric theory using math
Galileo built a telescope and supported heliocentric theory, was tried in the inquisition and held under house arrest
Isaac Newton used math to prove heliocentric theory and explain planetary movement – described gravity
Enlightenment intellectual movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason and science (over superstition and blind faith). It changed Europeans’ view of government and society.
Social contract the idea that people give up their certain individual rights to a government so that the government will protect other rights or provide social benefits
Monarchy ruled by a king or queen; power by divine right and heredity
Theocracy ruled by a religious group
Dictatorship ruled by one person, through force
Constitutional ruled by a set of laws, rulers must follow the laws too
Thomas Hobbes believed the best government was an absolute monarchy; all people are evil.
John Locke believed governments exist to protect people’s natural rights; overthrow those that fail
Voltaire freedom of speech and religion
Montesquieu separation of powers, checks and balances
Thomas Jefferson used enlightenment ideas when writing the Declaration of Independence
Enlightened Despots rulers who made small reforms but did not give up any powers of the throne
Judicial Branch system of federal courts and judges that interprets laws made by the legislative branch and enforced by the executive branch.
Checks and Balances This system provides each branch of government with individual powers to check the other branches and prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
Glorious Revolution 1668 William of Orange and Mary take the throne of England from King James II. They signed the English Bill of Rights making England a constitutional monarchy.
English Bill of Rights Document that limited the power of English kings. Monarchs did not have a divine right to rule; must have consent to suspend laws, levy taxes, and maintain army; can't interfere with parliamentary elections or debates.
Legislative Branch Makes laws and approves taxes
Executive Branch carries out and enforces laws.
Jean Jacques Rousseau philosopher who wrote about the social contract and thought government should provide for and protect the general will
Created by: AGilstrap47
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