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BIO201-Ch9-Muscles 2
BIO201 - Ch9 - Muscles and Muscle Tissue 2 - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Repolarization restores only the __ condition. | Electrical |
| Na+ - K+ pump restores the __ condition. | Ionic |
| Excitation-Concentration (E-C) Coupling | Sequence of events - transmission of AP along sarcolemma leads to sliding of myofilaments. |
| Inside of sarcolemma is normally __ while outside is __. | Inside=negative, outside=positive |
| Inside ion is __ and outside ion is __. | Inside=K+ potassium, outside=Na+ Sodium |
| What restores ionic concentration in fiber? | Sodium-potassium pump |
| Why is Ca2+ called the final trigger for contraction? | Ca binding to troponin frees actin active sites to bind w/myosin heads. |
| T tubule's proteins (DHP receptors) are sensitive to __ & __ in response. | Voltage - change shape |
| What are calsequestrin & calmodulin? | Intracellular proteins that regulate calcium concentration. |
| Attachment of myosin head to actin requires __. | Ca 2+ |
| What causes rigor mortis? | Cross-link of actin/myosin continues - no breath so no ATP synthesis. Can't exclude Ca. |
| If muscle tension develops but loan not moved, contraction is called __. | Isometric (same measure) |
| If muscle tension overcomes load & muscle shortens, contraction is called __. | Isotonic |
| Muscle tension measured in __ contractions & amount of shortening in __ contractions. | Isometric - isotonic |
| Neuromuscular Junctions | Chemical synapse between axon terminal - where neuron come close w/sk. muscle cell |
| Isometrically | Contractingmuscle doesn't shorten |
| Isotonically | Contracting muscle shortens & moves load - bicep curl. |
| Lengthening contraction | Muscle lengthens due to load heavier than muscle tension - walking down stairs. |
| Motor Unit | Muscle cells & all fibers it supplies controlled by a given motor neuron. |
| Temporal summation/wave summation | Summing of several muscle contractions resulting in single, stronger contractions - signals in rapid sucession. |
| Tetany | Near or at max temporal summation. |
| All-or-None Principle | A motor unit contracts fully or not at all. |
| Stimulation of a single motor unit causes a weak contraction of the __ muscle. | Entire |
| A graphic recording of contractive activity. | Myogram |
| The response of a motor unit to a single AP of its motor neuron. | Muscle Twitch |
| Every twitch myogram has __ distinct phases. | 3 - (1) latent, (2) contraction, (3) relaxation. |
| Latent Period | Muscle tension beginning to increase but no resonse on myogram. |
| Period of Contraction | When cross bridges are active - myogram tracing rises to a peak. |
| Period of relaxation | Muscle tension decreases to zero & tracing returns to baseline. |
| Unfused/Incomplete Tetanus | Sustained by quivering contraction. |
| Fused/Complete Tetanus | Smooth, sustained contraction plateau. |
| The force of contraction is controlled more precisely by __. | Recruitment - multiple motor unit summation. |
| Recruitment process-size principle | Allows increase in force in sm. steps & gradations in force are progressively greater when needed. |
| Treppe | "Warming up" tracing pattern with staircase shape as slighly stronger contractions occur w/each successive stimulus. |
| 2 Types of Isotonic Contractions | Concentric & Eccentric |
| Concentric Contractions | Muscle shortens & does work. |
| Eccentric Contractions | Muscle generates force as it lengthens. |
| Which are more forceful - concentric or eccentric? | Eccentric contractions are 50% more forceful. |
| Enzyme that catalyzes CP-ADP reaction? | Creatine Kinase |
| When large amounts of ATP are needed in muscle, __ provides most ATP needed. | Glycolysis |
| Which acid contributes to muscle soreness & fatigue? | Lactic Acid |
| After 30 mins, __ becomes major source of fuels for oxidation. | Fatty acids |
| Contractures | Cramps - states of continuous contraction because cross bridges cannot detach. |
| Slow-developing fatigue damages the __ & interferes w/CA 2+ regeneration. | SR |
| The liver converts lactic acid to __. | Glucose or glycogen. |
| Force of muscle contraction affected by: | (1) # of fibers stimulated, (2) fiber size, (3) stimulation frequency & (4) degree of muscle stretch. |
| The __ motor units recruited, the greater the muscle force will be. | More |
| Regular exercises cause muscle cells to __. | Hypertrophy - increase in size. |
| Internal Tension | Force generated by crossbridges (myofibrils) |
| External Tension | Force translated to load (muscle insertion) |
| Joints normally prevent bone movements that would stretch muscles __. | Beyond their optimal range. |
| Muscles vary in how fast & how long they contract. Why? | (1) Fiber type, (2) load & (3) recruitment. |
| What accounts for speed of contraction difference between slow & fast fibers? | How fast myosin ATPases split ATP & patter of electrical activity of their motor neurons. |
| __ fibers rely mostly on aerobic pathways. | Oxidative Fibers |
| Aerobic Respiration | Requires oxygen as oxygen is final acceptor of electrons stripped from glycolyosis. Glycolyosis=>Krebs=>Electron Transport Phosphorylation. 36 net ATP/each glucose molecule. |
| Glycolysis | Initial reaction for aerobic & anaerobic pathways - glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate & net of 2 ATP - occurs in cytoplasm - no oxygen - 2 NADH also form. |
| Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) | Compound w/3-carbon atoms backbone - 2 are end product of glycolyosis. |
| Glucose+oxygen-->Carbon Dioxide+Water+ATP | Molecular summary for Aerobic Respiration |
| NAD+ | Nicotinamide Adenine - nucleotide coenzyme - NADH when carrying electrons & unbound protons (H+). |
| FAD | Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide - nucleotide enzyme - becomes FADH2 when carrying electrons or H+ |
| Naked protons | Unbound hydrogen atoms (H+) |
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | Direct, enzyme-mediated transfer of phosphate group - ADP/ATP |
| PGAL | Phosphoglyceraldehyde - key intermediate in glycolysis. |
| Krebs Cycle | Stage 2 of Aerobic Resp. - (Citric Acid Cycle) - Pyruvate broken down into CO2 & H20. 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 forms. |
| Cristae | Outter compartment - series of puches in Mitochondria where Electron Phosph. Trans. takes place. |
| Matrix | Inner compartment where Krebs Cycle takes place. |
| Acetyl-CoA | Coenzyme A w/2-carbon fragment from pyruvate - transfers oxaloacetate for Krebs Cycle. |
| Oxaloacetate | 4 Carbon compound - point of entry for Krebs Cycle. |
| Electron Transport Chain | Array of enzymes & cofactors taht accept & donate electron in sequence - H+ ions flow across & drive ATP formation. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Final stage of Aerob. Resp. - H+ & electrons sent through transport that gives up electrons to oxygen. |
| Anerobic Electron Transfers | Used by bacteria & archaeans - uses plasma membrane & yet yield is variable but small. |
| Anabolism | The assembly of small molecules into more complex ones. |
| Anaerobic Pathway | Metabolic pathway - no oxygen. |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic pathway of ATP formation. Glycolyosis & regenerates NAD+ - 2 ATP produced net. |
| Lactate Fermation - Muscles | Pyruvate from glycolysis converted to lactate & NAD+ is regerated. Net 2 ATP - Cheese & dairy products. |
| Alcholoic Fermentation | Pyruvate converted to ethyl alcohol or ethanol. Bakers use for bread. |
| Biosynthetic Pathway | Metabolic pathway - sm. molecules assembled into lg. organic molecules. |
| Catabolism | Metabolic activity. Breaks lg. molecules to components w/less energy. |
| Slow-twitch muscle fibers | Make ATP by aerobic resp. & have many mitochondria - dark red. |
| Fast-Twitch muscle fibers | Make ATP by lactate fermentation. Used for fast-short activity. |
| Fibers that rely mostly on anaerobic glycolysis are __. | Glycolytic Fibers. |
| Which muscle fibers fatigue quickly? | Fast glycolytic fibers. |
| The greater the load, the __ the latent period. | Longer |
| The innervative nerve fibers of smooth muscle attach at __. | Varicosities |
| Diffuse junctions can be found in synaptic cleft of __ muscles. | Smooth |
| T tubules are absent in __ muscles. | Smooth muscles (absent) |
| Smooth muscle depends on __ cellular Ca2+ for excitation-contraction coupling. | Extracellular |
| Smooth muscles lack __ & __. | Striations & sarcomeres |
| Smooth muscles have __ thick filaments. | Less |
| Thick filaments in smooth muscle have heads __. | Along their entire length & are as powerful as skeletal muscles of same size. |
| Troponin complex present only in __ muscle. | Skeletal |
| Smooth muscles contract how? | In a twisting manner like a corkscrew. |
| Dense Bodies | Act as anchoring points for thin filaments in smooth muscle. Also bind cell to CT of endomysium. |
| What partly accounts for synchronous contractions of smooth muscle? | Dense bodies transmitting force to CT. |
| What allows smooth muscle to contract together? | Gap junctions. |
| Besides the heart, pacemaker cells can also be found where? | In stomach & small intenstine. |
| __ & dense bodies of sm. muscle harness pull generated by crossbridges. | Intermediate filaments. |
| Calcium binds w/__ in smooth muscles. | Calmodulin - a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein. |
| What phosphorylates myosin heads in smooth muscles? | Mysoin Kinase |
| Another name for single-unit smooth muscle. | Viseral muscle - walls of most hollow organs. |
| 3 characteristics of single-unit sm. muscle. | (1) contracts rythmically as unit (2) gap junctions (3) exhibits spontaneous action potentials. |
| 3 examples of multi-unit smooth muscles. | (1) Arrector pili, (2) internal eye muscles (pupil) & (3) lg. arteries. |
| Though multi-unit smooth muscle works like skeletal, it is served by the __ nerv. system. | Autonomic (involuntary) - hormone controlled. |
| Muscle tissue develops from __. | Mesoderm - myoblasts. |
| Satellite Cells | Myoblast-like cells that help repair skeletal muscle fibers. |
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) | Most serious form of MD - sex-linked recessive disease. |
| Cause of DMD is a lack of __. | Dystrophin |
| Sarcopenia | Gradual loss of muscle mass. |
| Intermittent Claudication | Restricted blood delivery to legs - painful. |
| In synaptic cleft of neuromuscular junction, __ is always pesent. | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Only __ muscle cells branch. | Cardiac |
| The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of __. | Contraction |
| Claudication might more simply be called __. | Limping |
| __ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. | Red |
| A smooth, sustained contraction is called __. | Tetanus |
| __ Contractions are stronger than concentric contractions. | Eccentric |
| A nerve cell & all muscle cells it stimulates is called a __. | Motor unit |
| A contraction in which muscle doesn't shorten but tension increased is __. | Isometric |
| The gap junctions between smooth muscle cells are __ coupled. | Electrically |
| Skeletal muscle cells are __ coupled. | Chemically |
| __ smooth muscle is found in the intestines. | Single-Unit |
| When muscle fiber contracts the __ band diminish in size. | I band |
| During isotonic contraction, once the load is overcome, the contraction is __. | Constant |
| Subunit __ actin bears active binding sites for myosin heads. | G |
| From internal to external, connective tissue sheets of muscles are: | Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium |
| Which muscle fiber contains abundant glycogen? | Fast (oxidative or glycolytic) fatigable fibers. |
| Myosin filaments located in the __ band. | A |
| Both actin & myosin found in the __ band. | A - where they are found. |
| The __ band contains only actin filaments. | I - only actin. |
| A sarcomere is the distance between two __. | Z discs. |
| In muscle contraction, calcium acts to __. | Remove blocking action of tropomyosin. |
| Muscle contraction differs in smooth & skeletal in that smooth __. | Has a difference in the site of calcium receptors. |
| In isotonic contraction, the muscle __. | Changes in length & moves the load. |
| T tubules function to __. | Enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction. |
| After nervous stim. of muscle cell ends, calcium __. | Levels drop in the cytoplasm. |
| Calcium ions bind to the __ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. | Troponin |
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