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Histo Review
NWHSU Histology 1 Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Neruomuscular Junction | |
| Pre-synaptic membrane contains | Axon Terminal GSE Synaptic Vesicles containing ACH |
| Post synaptic membrane: | Chemically -dependent receptors for ACh |
| Binding of Ach causes: | Subthreshold depolarizations leading to the AP |
| The Action Potential (AP) is: | The voltage change necessary to open Calcium channels in the SER, releasing Ca to bind to troponin. |
| Ca to bind to troponin triggers: | The sliding Filament theory of contraction the Ap thus causes the initiation of contraction, inactivation of aCH activity begins the cascade the events necessary to relax. |
| What makes up the M-Line: | Myosin held together on either side. |
| What makes up the I Band: | Just thin filaments. |
| What makes up the A Band: | Thin, and Thick. |
| Makes up the H Band: | Just thick. |
| Z- Lines are made up of | Alph Actin. |
| During Contraction A band: | did not change length. |
| Contraction I Band: | Remains as Z Line. |
| Contraction I & Z | Slide over each other ( Thin and Thck slide over each other). |
| Contraction ___ & ___ go away. | I and H |
| During contraction M: | Stays where it was. |
| What limits the z Contraction: | A thick fillaments is limiting contraction. |
| Triads: | Skeletal Muscle |
| Triads contain ___ Terminal Cisternae | 2 |
| Triads contain ___Tubule | 1 between myofibrils |
| Triads contain 2 tc & 1 Ttubule btw myofibrils at the ___/___ Bands juction. | I & A |
| Diads are ______Muscle | Cardiac |
| Diads have ___TC and ___T-tuble | 1 & 1 between myofibrils at z0line |
| Limits of sarcomere "____to shining ___" | Z, Z |
| Skeletal muscle Triads have a ____ diatmeter T-tuble | Narrower |
| Cardiac muscle has a _____Diameter T-Tubule | Wider |
| NERVOUS TISSUE: | |
| Neuron: | Neuron cell body and all of its extensions. |
| Cell Body: | Essential for the survival of the neuron, contains all of the organelles for protein synthesis, repair proteins ,production of NTX. |
| Extentions of the Nervous Tissue have Three main purposes: | Reception, Conduction, Synaptic Trnsmission. |
| Reception- | Various stimuli dendrites , cell body, axon, |
| Conduction | Nerve impulses AP: Axon |
| Synaptic Transmission. | NTX releaased that act on receptors signal other neurons other muscle or gland. Nerve terminals. |
| Most common of neuronal Shapes Though wide variety among these: | Multipolar Neurons |
| Many dendrites, one axon | Multipolar Neuron |
| Axons may have collateral branches, have few branch points until their termination. | Multipolar Neuron |
| Final common pathway neurons to innervate skelletal muscle cells may reslut in the innervation of 40,000 muscle cells | Multipolar Neuron |
| Dendrites branch profusely and exhibit spines which greatly increase the surface area for synaptic contact. | Multipolar Neuron. |
| All Primary Afferent neurons | Psuedounipolar Nuerons |
| Cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglion, carries AP towards the CNS from the cell body: | Psuedounipolar Neurons |
| No DENDRITES: | Psuedounipolar Neurons |
| All _____________ are derived from embronic neural crest--all are PNS neurons. | Psuedounipolar Neurons |
| Functional Component of GSE | Multipolar Neurons |
| Neurons which Deliver common Pathway neurons: Pyramidal tract , spastic parlysis, Extra Pyramidal tracts, | Multipolar Motor Neurons. |
| Primary Afferent Neurons | Psuedounipolar Neurons. |
| Messners corpuscles, Discriminating touch, pacinian corpuscles. Ruffini End organs | Psuedounipolar Neurons (Primary Affernet Neurons) |
| These neurons possess some manner of receptive device on the peripheral end of their axon as a part or extension of theselves | Primary Afferent Neurons, Pseudounipolar neurons. |
| Muslce spindles and golgi tendons, Tast buds, organs of corti, free nerve endings | Primary Afferent Neurons, AKA: Pseudounipolar N. |
| Posess a cell body and a single axon which bifurcates as the peripheral process and the Central process | Primary afferent Neuron, (Psuedounipolar neuron) |
| Deliver information concerning environment internal or external, to the CNS | psuedounipolar Neuron. |
| Second, Third and fourth afferent Neurons | Multipolar Neurons |
| Deliver sensory information from the spinal cord toward the brain for further processing: | Multipolar Neurons |
| Sensory information only becomes conscious at the level of the _______ | Thalamus. |
| Small multipolar neurons, usually completely confined to gray matter | Interneurons. |
| Shuttle information btwn, afferent and efferent neurons | Interneurons. |
| Involved in reflex control | Interneurons. |
| Interneurons may be_______or ________ | Exitatory or Inhibitory |
| Mainly confined to the CNS though examples of PNS___________ can be found | Interneurons. |
| THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: | |
| All neurons of the ANS are ________ | Efferent, GVE |
| All neurons of the ANS are ________ | Multipolar |
| Preganglionic Neurons are all_______ | Myelinated. |
| Sympathetic preganglionic axons travel from their cell bodies __-___ or __ through____Rami | T1-l2- or L3, White. |
| Sympathetic preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic cells in the ____________or pass through the chain ganglia to become _________nerves. | Sympathetic chain ganglia, splanchnic. |
| Parasympathetic Preganglionic acons travel from their cell bodies in cranial Nerve nuclei, __,__,__,__ or in the ____________(s2-s4) | CN 3,7,9,10 , Sacral parasympathetic Nuclei. |
| Sacral Parasympathetic nuclei directly to postganglionic cell bodies whic husually reside in or near the _______they innervate | Organ. |
| Post ganglionic Neurons | |
| All Postganglionic Neuronal axons are: | Unmyelinated. |
| Sympathetic postganglionic neurons exist in the sympathetic chain or in the ___________ ganglia. | Prevertebral. |
| Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons exist usually in __________ganglia AKA: Auerbachs Plexuses. | Intramural |
| Cell bodies of all autonomic Ganglia are | Multipolar |
| NEUROGLIAL CELLS | |
| Support the functions of the neurons: | Neuroglial cells. |
| Neuroglial cells of the PNS | Satellite cells, Schwann cells. |
| Satellite cells are found in: | Ganglia of the PNS( Dorsal root ganglia) |
| Thought to have a nutritive role, shuttling nutrients from extra cellular space into te cells. | Satellite cells. |
| Involved in removal of waste from the cells. Compared to postion to the protoplasmic astrocytes. | Satellite cells. |
| Cells are found in bothe ganglia and nerves. | Schwann cells. |
| Associated with the unmyelinated axons, and all axons of the PNS | Schwann cells. |
| Playing a key role in repair of damaged axons: | Schwann cells. |
| Pink cells: | Schwann cells. |
| Neuroglial cells of CNS: | Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, ependymal cells. |
| Only cell type not derviced from the neural tube. Instead derived from monocytes (mesenchyme) | Microglia. |
| Macrophages of CNS, are also associated with vascular elements. | Microglia. |
| Are epithelium like, line free surfaces in the CNS, produce CSF. | Ependymal cells. |
| Fibrous astrocytes found in the | White matter |
| Protoplasmic Astrocytes found only in the | Gray Matter. |
| Type of Neuroglial cell that form a glial scar: | Astrocyte. |
| Neuroglial CNS cell found in white matter and gray matter. | Oligodendrocyte. |
| Axons: One;branches typically at the terminal end. | Multipolar |
| Axons: One; branches near the cell body into a peripheral process and central process. | Psuedounipolar. |
| Cell bodies: Basically, large and small; Large= myelinated axons, touch and proprioception Small= unmyelinated axons, pain and temperature. | Psuedounipolar. |
| Cell Bodies: Various shapes and sizes, note Pramidal cells and Purkinje cells. | Multipolar |
| No Dendrites | Primary Afferent. |
| Many Dendrites, frequent branch points, occasionally exhibit spines to increase surface area. | Multipolar |
| PNS Examples: GSE, pre-and post GVE | Multipolar |
| PNS Examples: GSA, GVA, Primary Afferent neurons. | Psuedounipolar |
| Motor/Efferent examples Pyramidal, Extra pyramidal, GSE, GVE pre and post Ganglionic | Multipolar. |
| Sensory/ Afferent Examples: Second, Third, fourth order afferent tract neurons | Multipolar. |
| Sensory/Afferent Examples: Primary Afferent Neurons, GSA, GVA | Psuedounipolar Neurons. |
| All pre-ganglionic GVE neurons have ______axons | Myelinated . |
| Diameter effects (Axons or Dendrites causes)of myelin increase diameter decrease resistance increase conduction and the damageing effects of demyelinating deseases like MS. | Axons |
| Tapering diameter effect from cell body to erminal, current travels from high to low resistance, therefore current will travel toward the cell body. | Dendrites |
| Has the abillity to carry action potential | Axon |
| Do not exhibit voltage dependent ion channels | Dendrites |
| Chemically dependent channels for Axons Yes or no? | Yes |
| For Dendrites, chemically dependent channels? Yes or No? | Yes |
| Voltage dependent channels? Yes or no for Dendrites? | No |
| Passive channels for Axons and dendrites, both?Yes or No | Yes |
| All neurons whose cell bodies are in the CNS are derived from the: | Mantle zone, Neural tube. |
| All neurons whose cell bodies are in the PNS are derived from: | Neural Crest. |
| True or False? All cells require passive ion channels for maintaining resting potential. | True. |
| Voltage dependent channels are all or noe, the sodium channel creates the spike potential of action potential. True or False? | True |
| True or False? Chemically dependent ion channels are not all or none, they mediate EPSPs, IPSps, and MEPPs. | True |
| Schwann cells originate at site of: | Neural crest; PNS. |
| Oligodendrocytes origin and site are: | Ependymal layer, neural tube; CNS |
| Function of Schwann cells are: | Associated with all types of PNS axons; myelinates a piece of one axon |
| Oligodendrocytes functions are : | Myelinates pieces of many axons. |
| Schwann cells may be found in : | Ganglia and nerves |
| Oligodendrocytes may be found in: | Gray and White matter. |
| Red II fibers have high myoglobin | True. |
| White II fibers have ______ | Low, myoglobin. |
| Glycolytic activity for Red II fibers are | Low |
| Continue REVIEW ON RED II AND WHITE II FIBERS. |
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