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NWCC Histo2 Mash 2
NWCC Histo 2 MASH 2 SPREADSHEET
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What symptoms would be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia? | Difficult urination; Retention of urine |
| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule:a) absorbs 85% of the water from the filtrate b) target of aldosterone c) highly acidophilic, has a dense microvillus border d) simple squamous epithelium | a) proximal tubule b) distal tubule c) proximal tubule d) thin segment |
| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule: e) forms the interstitial concentration/osmotic gradient f) only site of glucose absorption from the ultrafiltrate g) contains the macula densa | e) thin segment f) proximal tubule g) distal tubule |
| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule: h) target of ADH, becomes permeable to water when stimulated by ADH i) forms the slit pores of the filtration barrier j) secretes K+ in response to aldosterone k) supports the glomerular capillary loop | h) distal tubule and collecting duct i) podocytes j) distal tubule k) distal tubule |
| Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located? What is there function? | Wall of Afferent Arteriole; secrete renin |
| The internal urethral sphincter is formed from ____________. | Middle circular smooth muscle |
| The external urethral sphincter is formed by __________. | skeletal muscle of the UG diaphragm |
| What is a characteristic of chronic renal failure? | Uremia |
| Nephrotic syndrome associated with diabetes mellitus is due to an abnormality in the ______________________. | glomerular basement membrane |
| Where is the internal urethral sphincter in males? Females? | in the neck of the bladder behind the prostatic urethra; around the neck of the bladder and the entire urethra |
| What are the podocyte contributions to the renal filtration barrier? | slit pores; slit pore membrane |
| Which cells of the kidney may function to support the glomerulus and maintain the glomerular basal lamina? | mesengial cells |
| Renin is secreted by the _________ cells which are located in the wall of the ____________. | juxtaglomerular cells; afferent arterioles |
| List the components of the renal filtration barrier beginning from inside the glomerulus: | fenestrated endothelium without diaphragms; basal lamina at endothelium; basal lamina of podocytes; slit pores with slit membranes |
| What cytology of the proximal tubule cell suggests its function? | microvilli for absorption and lateral basal infoldings |
| Consider a person with low levels of insulin: a) What happens to the sugar level in the blood? b) What happens to sugar level in the urine? c) If persistent, what can be dangerous about this condition? | a) increases levels because insulin can’t break it down b) increases because the proximal tubule doesn’t get a chance to break it down c) dehydration and acidosis |
| What is the function of the macula densa? | the sense the concentration of molecules in the filtrate |
| Other than phagocytosis, give one possible role of mesangium. | maintenance of the glomerular basement membrane |
| Specialized area of the distal tubule which may be sensory. | macula densa |
| Aldosterone stimulates the cells of the distal tubule to________________. | absorb Na+ and secrete K+ |
| What is true of the male urethra? | the prostatic urethra is lined by transitional epithelium; the penile portion contains mucus glands in the lamina propria; the membranous portion passes through the urogenital diaphragm |
| What is true of the urinary bladder? | it contains three poorly defined layers of smooth muscle; is lined by transitional epithelium; contains no glands in the lamina propria |
| Epithelium of the prostatic urethra is ________________. | transitional epithelium |
| The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I is stimulated by _____________ which is secreted by _________________. | renin; juxtaglomerular cells |
| Name the hormones described below: a) increases blood levels of calcium b) secretion is stimulated by adrenocorticotrophic hormone c) increases movement of glucose into the hepatocyte d) required in infancy for normal brain development | a) parathyroid hormone b) cortisol c) insulin d) T3 & T4 |
| Name the hormones described below: e) causes the collecting duct to become permeable to water f) increases blood glucose by glycogenolysis g) secretion is stimulated by elevated blood K+ h) causes ciliogenesis in the oviduct epithelium | e) ADH f) Glucagon, epinepherine and cortisol g) Aldosterone h) Estrogen |
| Name the hormones described below: i) stimulates the secretory phase of the endometrium j) causes growth of ductal epithelium in the mammary gland during a normal ovarian cycle k) stimulates milk synthesis in the lactating mammary gland | i) Progesterone j) Estrogen k) Prolactin |
| Name the hormones described below: l) secreted by the interstitial stroma glands of the ovary m) stimulates glycogen formation in the vaginal epithelium n) inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagons o) causes glucose to move into most cells | l) Estrogen m) Estrogen n) Epinephrine and norepinephrine o) Insulin |
| Name the hormones described below: p) causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose q) causes the formation of glucose from amino acids r) decreases blood K+ s) low levels in infancy will result in mental retardation | p) Epinephrine and glucagon q) Cortisol r) Aldosterone s) T3 & T4 |
| Name the hormones described below: t) secreted by the neurons of the hypothalamus u) responsible for development of the ovarian follicle v) secretion is stimulated primarily by ACTH w) responsible for ovulation | t) ADH and somatostatin u) FSH v) T3 & T4 w) LH (surge) |
| Name the hormones described below: x) responsible for breast development at puberty y) high blood levels of this facilitate the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine z) stimulates testosterone synthesis and secretion by the Leydig cells | x) GH, estrogen and progesterone y) Cortisol z) LH |
| Name the hormones described below: aa) stimulates secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum in: 1. normal ovarian cycle 2. pregnancy | aa) 1. LH 2. HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) |
| bb) enzymes required for the conversion of thyroglobulin to active T3 & T4 | bb) lysosomal enzymes |
| FSH in the male stimulates the secretion of _________________ by the ______________ cells. | androgen binding protein; sertoli cells |
| What is the effect of progesterone on the mammary gland in a normal ovarian cycle? | increases CT; causes edema (swelling) |
| Estrogen is synthesized and secreted by the cells of the ________________. | corpus luteum |
| What effect does follicular estrogen have on the adenohypophysis? | increases LH; decreases FSH |
| Describe the function of the epididymus? | stores sperm; stimulates functional maturation |
| Name the accessory male productive organ described: a. secretes a product high in fructose and prostaglandins b. secretes acid phosphatase | seminal vesicle b. prostate |
| What male reproductive organ secretes a product high in acid phosphatase and citric acid, fibrinolysin and many have amylase? | prostate |
| What male reproductive organ has a duct that joins the ejactulatory duct and it secretes a lubricating mucus? | bulbouretheral gland |
| What male reproductive organ secretes products which stimulate functional maturation of spermatozoa? | epididymis |
| What male reproductive organ contains motile cilia? | efferent duct |
| High local levels of testosterone are required for spermatogenesis. How is this accomplished? | FSH causes sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein which binds testosterone secreted by leydig cells to produce high levels in the seminiferous tubule. |
| In spermatogenesis, cytokinesis is completed at the end of __________? | spermatogenesis |
| Which male accessory gland secretes acid phosphotase and fibrinolysin? | prostate |
| Spermatozoa reach functional maturity in the: | epididymis |
| In penile erection, blood flows from the _________ artery into the _______? | helicine artery; cavernous space |
| What cells comprise the lining of the prepubescent testis? | sertoli cells; germinal cells |
| Give the two major requirements for spermatogenesis: | high local levels of testosterone; intimate contact with sertoli cells |
| What is the most common disorder of the prostate gland? | benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| In penile erection,______ stimulation causes constriction of _______ arteries and ______ stimulation causes dilation or relaxation. | parasympathetic; helicine; lack of parasympathetic |
| What cells are in the adluminal compartment of the blood-testis barrier? | primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid & spermatozoa |
| What cells are not protected by the blood-testis barrier? | spermatogonia |
| The ____cells secrete testosterone in response to _____. This is sequestered in the seminiferous tubule by_______, a molecule secreted by the sertoli cell in response to _______. | leydig cells, LH, androgen binding protein, FSH |
| In spermatogenesis, the primary spermatocytes develop from the spermatogonia by process of? | mitosis and differentiation |
| What male reproductive organs have ducts that join the ejaculatory duct? | seminal vesicle; vas deferens |
| What male reproductive organs are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia? | epididymis |
| What male reproductive organ may form condensations? | prostate |
| In addition to inhibition, the Sertoli cell secretes A.______ in response to B. ______ C. Why is this vital for normal spermatogenesis? | A. androgen binding protein B. Follicle stimulating hormone C. The androgen binding protein binds to the testosterone sesecreted by Leydig cells and this binds increases the local levels of testosterone to facilitate spermatogenesis |
| Which accessory reproductive gland in the male secretes prostaglandins? | Seminal vesicle |
| In which portion of the male reproductive system do sperm reach functional maturity? | Epididymis |
| What is the first cell to become protected by the blood-testis barrier? Why is this important? | A.primary spermatocyte B.If this cell was not protected the immune system would attach it (destroy it) and thus spermatogenesis could not proceed. |
| In penile erection, A. _____ stimulation causes both the relaxation of helicine artery smooth muscle and B. _____ , allowing blood to enter the cavernous spaces. | A parasympathetic B constriction of the Arterio-Venous shunts |
| Smooth muscle of the accessory glands and excretory ducts of the male reproductive system is innervated by? | parasympathetics |
| Name the male accessory gland which secretes: A. fructose, prostaglandins and UV fluorescent flavins B. acid phosphotase | A. seminal vesicle -B. prostate |
| Which cells are protected by the blood-testis barrier? (includes 1st cell to become protected)? | primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatid; spermatozoa |
| Following are true of spermatogenesis. A.-includes a period of morphogenesis -includes a period of meosis -begins at puberty -does not result in functionally mature spermatozoa | A- F (period of morphological changes) B- T C- T D- F (mature in epidiymus) |
| Following are true about the Leydig Cells. A-secretes testosterone B-contain abundant smooth ER C -are NOT located in the seminiferous tubules D -are a target of LH | A- T B-T C-F (found in the interstices between adjacent seminiferous tubules.) |
| Following are true of sertoli cells. A-do NOT differentiate from precursors at puberty B-contain microtubules which may help move germ cells C-secrete androgen binding protein D-form the blood-testis barrier | ... |
| Name the accessory male reproductive gland described A. may contain condensations of secretory material called corpora amylacea. B. secretes prostaglandins and fructose C. produces a mucus-like lubricant | A prostate B seminiferous vesicles C bulbourethral gland |
| What possible functions are served by the blood-testis barrier? | protection of spermatids, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatozoa, & maintenance of testosterone levels. |
| The sertoli cell secretes two products in response to FSH. Name these products and give their function | androgen binding protein, binds to testosterone to produce high local levels in seminiferous tubules for spermatogenesis; Inhibin, provides negative feedback to turn off FSH |
| Helicine arteries in the penis relax in response to A _____ which allows blood to enter B _____ | A parasympathetic stimulator B cavernous spaces |
| What forms the blood-testis barrier? | occluding junctions between the sertoli cells |
| Which cells are protected? | primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa |
| Which excretory ducts in the male reproductive tract have motile cilia? | efferent ducts |
| In order to achieve high local levels of testosterone in the seminiferous tubule, the sertoli cells secrete A. _____ in response to B.______. | Androgen binding protein; FSH |
| Smooth muscle of the vas deferens is innervated by? | parasympathetic |
| Which accessory gland In the male reproductive system secretes: -A. a product high in prostaglandins and fructose? -B. lubricating mucus? | seminal vesicle; bulbourethral gland |
| The A_______ arteries supply the erectile tissue of the penis and dilate in response to B. ______ stimulation | helicine; parasympathetic |
| In penile erection, parasympathic stimulation causes the constriction of A ____ and relaxation of B______ | A-?????? B helicine artery |
| In the testis, FSH causes the Sertoli cells to secrete | adrogenbinding protein |
| Give the two requirements for spermatogenesis. | high levels of testosterone; intimate contact with sertoli cells |
| Sperm are stored in, and become functionally mature in the? | Epididymis |
| The primary spermatocyte develops from A _____ (cell) by the process of B______, | A.Type B spermategenia B.mitosis and differentiation |
| In penile erection, the A______ artery relaxes (opens) in response to B. ______ stimulation. | A Helicine B parasympathetic |
| Name the following: A. Location of motile cilia B. secretes a product high in prostoglandins and fructose C. secretes a mucus-like lubricant D. Psudostratified epithelium with stereocilia | a. efferent duct b. seminal vesicle c. bulbourethral gland d. epididymis |
| Name the following: E. Secretes a product high in acid phosphotase F. Absorbes most of the fluid secreted by the seminiferous tubule | e. prostate f. epididymis |
| The blood-testes barrier is formed by A______ B what cells are NOT protected. | A sertoli cells and occluding jcts. B spermatogonia |
| Ovarian hair cells secrete__________? | Androgen |
| What hormone stimulates the secretory phase of endometrium? | Progesterone |
| Give the effects of estrogen on: a) Oviduct epithelium b) Vaginal epithelium c) Mammary gland | a) ciliogenesis increase in secretion b) increase glycogen production c) motosis of ducts |
| Synthesis and secretion of milk is stimulated by? | Prolactin |
| What hormone dependant benign tumor, formed of smooth muscle, is commonly found in the uterus? | Leiomyoma |
| In the Ovarian follicle, FSH stimulates the ____________ cell to form estrogen from androgen. | Granulosa |
| Consider the formation of estrogen role of: a) Lutenizing Hormone b) Follice Stimulating Hormone | a) stimulates theca interna to make androgen from cholesterol. b) stimulates granulose to make estrogen from androgen. |
| What is the significance of glycogen in the vaginal epithelium? | make the environment more acidic for the sperm; to be released into the lumen when cells are sloughed off. |
| The stroma of both the mammary glands and the endometrium become edematous in response to? | Progesterone |
| Why do leiomyomas regress after menopause???????????? | ... |
| Consider the ovarian follicles: a) What hormone stimulates the granulose cells in the follicular phase b) What do the granulosa cells do in response to this stimulation? | a) Follicular Stimulating Hormone b) More estrogen from androgen. |
| In pregnancy, what hormone stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum? | Lutenizing Hormone. |
| What stimulate the Lutenizing Hormone surge? | Increaseed levels of estrogen for 36 hours. |
| Which portion of the endometrium is shed in menses? | Functional layer |
| In menses, the ___________ layer of the endometrium is NOT soughed off? | Basal. |
| Consider the post-pubescent female. Give the effects of: a) progesterone on the mammary gland b) estrogen on the adenohyphysis c) estrogen on the vaginal mucosa d) estrogen on the oviduct e) progesterone on the endometrium | a) edema of the stroma, increase stroma b) Increase Lutenizing hormone, decrease FSH secretion, move fimbriae close to ovary c) increase glycogen, and sloughing off of epithelieum d) Ciliogenesis increase in secretion. e)?????? |
| Consider the effects of estrogen: a) In the uterus it stimulates the _________phase of the endometrium b) IN the mammary glands causes_________. c) In the adenohypophysis it causes_______. | a) Proliferation phase. b) increase mitosis of the tubular ducts. c) stimulates the LH and inhibits the FSH. |
| Vaginal glycogen comes from________ cells and is produced in response to_________. | epithelial lining estrogen |
| The synthesis of the milk begins 1-2 days after delivery. Why? | increase estrogen and progesterone levels inhibit prolactin. |
| What is the source of sexually stimulated vaginal lube? | Transudate from vascular plexus deep in the epithelium in vagina. |
| At ovulation, what occurs to facilitate sperm migration through the cervix? | mucous is more acidic and more hydrated. |
| Edema of the endometrial and mammary stromas is caused by_____________? | Progesterone |
| In vaginal epithelium, the amount of glycogen and the rate of sloughing are dependant on estrogen (the more estrogen, the more glycogen and sloughing) When would glycogen levels likely be highest? Why is this significant? | During ovulation Falls off faster with increased estrogen. |
| During the normal ovarian cycle, estrogen produces: a) the ____________phase in the endometrium. b) ciliogenesis in the __________. c) An increase in the secretion of ____________by adenohyphysis. | a)Priliferation b) oviduct cells c)LH |
| The secondary oocyte is ovulated. How much DNA does it have? | 2N |
| What is the structure of the primordial follicle? | primary oocytes that have acquired a single layer of flat surrounding cells (granulosa). See diagram in mash! |
| The intestinal cells of the ovarian stroma secrete___________. What is the likely product? | Estrogen; The development of secondary sex characteristics at puberty. |
| In the formation of estrogen in the ovary__________stimulates the____________cells to synthesize androgens form cholesterol/ | LH, Theca Interna. |
| In menses, the ______________layer of the endometrium shoughs off when concentration of ____________falls below critical levels. | Functional, Progesterone |
| The ovarian hair cells secrete__________________. | androgen |
| How does the cervical mucous secreted at mid cycle differ from that secreted during the rest of the cycles? | Increase volume, more hydrated. |
| From what tissue does the ovarian theca folliculi develop? | Theca Interna. |
| What hormone event stimulates the menstrual phase of the endometrium? | Decreased progesterone. |
| In the ovarian hair follicle, FSH stimulates the ____________ cells to make estrogen from androgens. | granulosa |
| Which is true about the secretary phase of the endometrium? | Uterine glands become highly coiled; Stroma becomes endematous; Spiral arteries become highly coiled |
| What is part of the secondary ovarian follicle? | granulosa; theca interna; zona pellucida |
| Which is true of germinal centers? | likely the site of plasma cell formation; have a lymphocytic cap where mitosis occurs; Contain macrophages; a site of antigen dependant proliferation and differentiation |
| Which sites have germinal centers? | -- periarterial lymphatic sheath -- cortex of the lymph node lamina propria of the ileum |
| Which is true of the post-pubescent female mammary gland? | lactiferous sinus is lined by two layers of cuboidal epithelium; estrogen stimulates proliferation of epithelial ducts; Progesterone stimulates growth of the stroma; Prolactin stimulates development of secretory ability. |
Created by:
brookert81
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