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ANT 111 Exam 1
Set copied from quizlet created by Nick_Cimillo. A few things are changed around
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phenotype | The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment |
| Genotype | The genetic constitution of an individual organism |
| Polymorphism | Trait for which two or more distinct phenotypes exist within a population |
| Frequency and distribution is shaped by: | Gene flow Environments & natural selection Genetic drift Culture |
| DNA Structure | Two strands of nucleotides in the shape of a double helix |
| DNA Function | Replication and transmission of genetic information |
| DNA Replication | Self replication, it makes exact copies of itself |
| DNA replication Process | Step 1: Enzyme unwinds DNA molecule Step 2: 2 Nucleotide chains serve as a template for new strands Step 3: Unattached nucleotides pair with appropriate complementary nucleotide |
| Mitosis | The process by which most cells in the body divide, involves a single round of cell division and produces two identical diploid daughter cells |
| Meiosis | The process by which gametes are produced. Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division and produces four non-identical haploid daughter cells. |
| Crossing over and recombination | Allows genes to be 'mixed up' between the chromosomes. It allows genetic material to be reshuffled in new ways. This process happens during meiosis as the chromosomes separate. Linked genes tend to be inherited together. |
| Bergmann's rULE | Surface area to volume ratio - Organisms at higher latitudes should be larger and thicker than those closer to the equator to better conserve heat (closer to the equator, less body volume dissipates heat) |
| Allen's rule | Shorter and thicker limbs at higher latitudes. |
| Dominant Traits | Traits are expressed, mask over recessive traits |
| Recessive Traits | Traits are 'masked' by dominant traits, need two recessive alleles for prominence |
| Homozygous | Two copies of the same allele |
| Heterozygous | Two different alleles |
| Mendelian Traits | Discrete traits or single-gene traits (expression controlled by alleles at one locus) |
| Polygenic | Most phenotypic variation in humans results from polygenic traits Expression is influenced by multiple genes More open to environmental influence Continuous/quantitative variation |
| Overnutrition | Can lead to many health problems such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure |
| Undernutrition | Can impact growth and health, lead to muscle atrophy (loss in bone density as well) |
| Directional selection | A force in nature that causes a population to evolve towards one end of a trait spectrum |
| Stabilizing selection | Type of natural selection in which the population means stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value Example: Birth weight in humans. Too small or too large is not favored, somewhere in the middle is. |
| Lactose persistence | Selective advantage after domestication (~9,000ya) for groups who focused on dairying |
| Allopatric speciation | When a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another. A physical barrier, such as a mountain range or waterway, makes it impossible for them to breed with one another |
| Sexual selection | Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex |
| Allele | One of two alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome |
| Locus | Particular point on a gene |
| Cline | Measurable gradient in a single character (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range |
| Archeology | Study of human culture by analyzing the objects people have made. |
| Biological anthropology | Seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals |
| Cultural anthropology | Explore how people in different places live and understand the world around them |
| Linguistic anthropology | Study the many ways people communicate across the globe |
| Culture | Shared set of (implicit and explicit) values, ideas, concepts, and rules of behavior that allow a social group to function and perpetuate itself |
| Transcription | The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA |
| Translation | Ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus |
| Diploid | Refers to the number of complete chromosome sets present in each cell of an organism: diploid cells contain two complete sets |
| Haploid | Only contain one complete chromosome set |
| Grandmothering Hypothesis | Women undergo menopause because it is more beneficial to cease their own reproduction and aid in the rearing of grandchildren |
| Nutrition transition | We are transition from a more active and protein based diet to a junk food and sedentary lifestyle, which is cause the obesity epidemic |
| Founder effect | Small subset of a larger population migrates, establishes its own gene pool Subset carries on a portion of the alleles present in the original population Rare alleles can become common in the new population |
| Sickle cell disease | Harmful allele maintained in certain populations because natural selection favors heterozygous state |
| Function adaptations | Adaptations that help the organism to survive, the difference being that they are innate functions. This means that they are not learned, for example, a plant being able to photosynthesize is a functional adaptation |
| Hertability | Measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits. |
| Wolff's Law | That bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed. (When there is stress, bone density is maintained, but if no pressure, then bone mass will decrease) |
| Scientific method | Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, publish |
| Sexual dimorphism | Systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species |
| Biological determinism | Human behavior is directly and only controlled by an individual's genes |
| Scientific racism | Racism based on skin color and cognitive ability Biological Determination - A form of scientific racism - certain traits are innate and based on biology |
| Discordance | Variability in human genetics due to factors such as alleles Example: Standing up in class and grouping by eye color Traits do not agree in frequency and distribution across populations Are largely independent of one another |
| American Association of Biological Anthropologists Statement on Race and Racism | A classification system that emerged from European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination. Race has become a social reality that structures societies and how we experience the world. |
| Factors that influence the expression of complex traits such as height and intelligence | Environment, nature vs. nurture, nutrition, genetic foundation, difference of alleles |
| Primatology | Study of biology and behavior of non-human primates (emphasis on social organization, communication, reproduction and infant care |
| Paleoanthropology | Study of human fossil record of human evolution (Goal: combine narrative of fossil record with hypothesis about why and how it happened) |
| Osteology | Study of skeleton (emphasis on morphology and function) |
| Bioarchaeology | Study of human remains from historic and ancient contexts (Goal: reconstruct life ways of past societies) |
| Forensic anthropology | Anthropology + skeletal biology = medicolegal death investigation |
| Charles Darwin | Described evolutionary mechanics |
| Plato and Aristotle | Life is changeless and has limited forms. Hierarchy of life with humans at the top |
| Linnaeus | Binomial nomenclature to classify organisms |
| James Hutton | Uniformitarian discusses how past forces shape the present |
| Charles Lyell | Supporting evidence for uniformiarianism |
| Georges Cuvier | Comparative anatomy. Catastrophism is when earlier life forms wiped out by disaster |
| Lamarck | Mechanical change and adaptation to the environment. Features develop and are modified based on needs |
| Malthus | Overpopulation checked by available resources |
| Forces of evolution | Mutation- non-random mating- gene flow- natural selection- |
| Mutation | Change of sequences of bases in genetic material (only source of new genetic variation) |
| Non-random maiting | When an organism selects a partner based off of their phenotype |
| Gene flow | Exchange of genes between populations |
| Genetic drift | Change in frequency of alleles due to chance. Greater impact on smaller populations |
| Natural selection | When undesirable phenotypes are removed from anture and favorable ones are preserved |
| Human adaptability and phenotypic Plasticity | Tanning from the sun, wearing extra clothes when its cold out, sweating, vasoconstriction to preserve heat and vasodilation to dissipate heat |
| Skeletal growth | Ends of long bones (epiphyses) are separate during growth Growth in height stops when ends unite with shaft (diaphysis) |
Created by:
Cammaye
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