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4 Periodic Table

TermDefinition
Element a substance that cannot be split into simpler substance by chemical means and consists of only one type of atom
Robert Boyle Gave the first definition of an element
Humphry Davy Discovered Potassium by passing an electric current through a compound of potassium
Discoverer of Sodium, Calcium, Barium, Strontium and Magnesium Humphry Davy
Dobereiner's triads A group of three elements with similar chemical properties in which the atomic weight of the middle element is approximately equal to the average of the other two.
Newlands' Octaves Arrangement of elements in which the first and the eight element counting from a particular element, have similar properties.
Mendeleev's Periodic Law When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass the properties of the elements repeat periodically.
Group elements with similar properties in the same vertical column
Moseley using X-rays, he determined the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Modern Periodic law Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, the properties of the elements recur periodically
Mass number The sum of the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of that element.
Isotopes Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to the different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Frances Aston Built the mass spectrometer to measure the mass of atoms
Relative atomic Mass The average of the mass numbers of the isotopes of the element, as they occur naturally, taking their abundances into account and expressed on a scale in which the atoms of the carbon-12 isotope have a mass of exactly 12 units.
Mass Spectrometer Process Vaporisation, Ionisation, Acceleration, Separation, Detection
Vaporisation A small amount of gas or liquid is injected into the instrument at the sample inlet, as there is a very good vacuum inside the instrument, Liquids quickly turn to gases
Ionisation Electron gun fires high-energy electrons at the atoms or molecules of the sample of gas, electrons are knocked off these particles and positive ions are formed
Electron Gun Heated filament that gives off electrons
Acceleration Positive ions pass between a series of negatively charged plates
Detection By changing the strenght of the magnetic field, the mass spectrometer brings ions of different masses to focus on the detector.
Mass spectrometer Used to identify unknown compounds, drug detection, forensics & space composition of atmospheres and surfaces of planets
Electron configuration Shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom of an element.
S Sublevel can hold 2 electrons and has only one orbital
P sublevel can hold 6 electrons and has 3 orbitals
P orbital Dumb-bell shaped, are located on the x, y & z axes
An Orbital a region in space where there is a high probability of finding an electron, can hold only 2 electrons.
Na 11 = 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s1
Cu29 = 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10
Cr24 = 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5
Co27 = 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d7
N7 = 1s2,2s2,2p3
Mg+ = 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s1
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