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ABO Review
Questions that will be on the ABO Basic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___________ _____________ are used for cutting screws | cutting pliers |
| _____-_______ ________ are used for holding frames for adjustments and preventing marks on frames. | double-padded pliers |
| _________ ____________ __________ check the lens fit. | Eyewire closure pliers |
| _______-___________ _______ are for holding a frame securely, bending the temple, and restringing sem-rimless frames. | Half-padded pliers |
| ________-_________ _________ are used for adjusting the temple-fold angle. | Finger-piece pliers |
| ___ __________ are used for measuring the center thickness of lenses. | Lens calipers |
| _________ _________ ________ (axis pliers) are used for adjusting lenses while in the frame and adjusting the axis of a lens. | Lens twisting pliers |
| __________ __________ are used to adjust nosepads. | Nosepad pliers |
| ______ -______ _________ (needle-nose pliers) are used to adjust the nosepad arm. | Snipe-nosed pliers |
| __________ __________ ___________ are used in changing pantoscopic angle and adjusting drill mount or rimless frames. | Rimless bracing pliers |
| The ____ ______ (lens measure) is used to measure the base curve of a lens. | Lens clock |
| The ______ _______ _________ is used for assistance with putting in screws. | Screw holding tool |
| _____ _____ ________ help add a bend in the temple of frames. | Temple bend pliers |
| ______ ___________ are used for pantoscopic and retroscopic angle adjustments. | Angling pliers |
| _______ ________ ____ ______ are used for adjusting bridges, endpieces, and temples. | Double nylon jaw pliers |
| Light passing obliquely from a material of lesser optical density to a material of greater optical density will be bent _________ the normal. | toward |
| light passing obliquely from a material of greater optical density to a material of lesser optical density will be bent ______the normal. | away from |
| Where should the bifocal height be located for children? | at the center of the pupil |
| Where should the fitting cross be set if a child is ordering PAL's? | 4 mm above the pupil center |
| If someone has a long face, should they choose frames with higher eyewires or lower eyewires? | lower |
| One prism diopter produces an image displacement of 1 cm of an object distance of ___ meter | 1 |
| Lower the OC 1 mm below the pupil center for every ___ degrees of pantascopic tilt to eliminate lens aberration caused by lens tilt. | 2 |
| For every diopter increase in BC, vd increases approximately __ mm | 0.6 |
| _____________ is the distance from a point on a wave to a corresponding point on the next wave | wavelength |
| ____________ is the number of waves that pass in 1 second. | frequency |
| ___________ is the distance that the wave will travel in a second | Speed |
| __________ is the distance from the centerline to the peak or valley of the wave | amplitude |
| the higher the energy, the ______________ the wavelength | shorter |
| light travels at a speed approximately ____________ miles per second and ______________ meters per second | 186000; 3 x 10^8 |
| LAFS | larger angle, fast side |
| ____________ is when parallel rays of light come to a point focus behind the retina | hyperopia |
| In axial hyperopia, the eye appears to be too_________ | short |
| In refractive hyperopia, the refractive surface of the eye appear to be too __________, or eye has too little plus power. | flat |
| ________ is when parallel rays of light come to a point focus in front of the retina | myopia |
| In axial myopia, the eye appears to be too_______ | long |
| In refractive myopia, the refractive surface of the eye appears to be too_________, or eye has too much plus power | steep |
| _____ ____ ________ astigmatism: -In minus cylinder form, axis within 30 degrees of the horizontal meridian. -In plus cylinder form, axis within 30 degress of the vertical meridian | with the rule |
| _____ ____ ______ astigmatism -In minus cylinder form, axis within 30 degrees of the vertical meridian -In plus cylinder form, axis within 30 degrees of the horizontal meridian. | against the rule |
| ______ astigmatism is when the cylinder axis is from 31-59 degrees or from 121-149 degrees | oblique |
| BU and BU BD and BD BI and BO | canceling prisms |
| BU and BD BI and BI BO and BO | compounding prisms |
| If a wearer has excessive/unwanted __________ prism, wearer feels as if floor is in the bottom of a bowl, people and vertical objects seem taller, and floor seems to slant uphill | BD |
| If a wearer has excessive/unwanted_________ prism, wearer feels as if floor is a pitcher's mound, people and objects seem smaller, and the floor seems to slant downhill. | BU |
| If a wearer has excessive/unwanted _______ or ______ prism, the side that includes the base appears higher than the side with the apex, wearer sees wall, door frame, or other vertical expanses as curving in or out. | BO; BI |
| _________ is a condition in which the eyes have different refractive errors | anisometropia |
| _________ is a condition in which the eyes have the same refractive error or no error at all | isometropia |
| ________ is a condition in which the prescriptions have different signs. | antimetropia |
| _______ _______ is ground on lens that has the weakest plus or strongest minus power on the vertical meridian, ground/molded on the CX surface of the lens on a glass lens, and ground on the CC surface of the lens of a plastic lens. | slab-off |
| ________ ________ ___ is molded on CX side of plastic lenses and on the lens with the strongest plus or weakest minus power on the vertical meridian. | reverse slab-off |
| The total power of the eye is approximately_________ diopters | 60.00 |
| Any bundle of rays passing through a converging lens is made ____ ________ | more converging |
| The ray that can pass through a lens without being refracted is called __ ___ ____ | the axial ray |
| a ray entering a less dense medium, striking the interface at an angle greater than the critical angle will be _____ _______ ________. | totally reflected internally |
| Which type of lens has a BC chosen to reduce peripheral power errors? | Corrected curve lens |
| The tendency of an eye to deviate from its normal position is called | phoria |
| Crossed lines have a scissors movement when lens is rotated is a characteristic of a __________ cylinder lens | plus |
| Nearsighted | myopia |
| In the eye, the fovea centralis is the same as the _______. | macula |
| The BC of any multifocal lens is found on the surface containing the _________. | segment |
| The velocity of light is least in: a. air b. polycarbonate c. water d. flint glass | d. flint glass |
| The optical center of a lens is: a. at the geometrical center b. on the 180 line c. at the point where the A and B measurements meet d. a lens location of 0 deviation of the optical axis | d. a lens location of 0 deviation of the optical axis |
| The reflection of light from a surface is most influenced by the __________ of the surface. | Regularity |
| The higher the index of refraction, the ___________ the lens. | thinner |
| What is the purpose of coating a lens by depositing a metallic film such as magnesium fluoride on the surface of a finished lens? | It reduces reflections |
| What is the standard distance between the segs in fused double multifocals in most cases? | 13-14 mm |
| Which surface is cast in molds? | aspheric |
| What causes photochromic glass to darken when exposed to UV light? | silver halides |
| When selecting a frame for a PAL, lenses with an external nasal sweep, the dispenser must be aware if the patient has a ________ PD, a loss of reading depth could occur. | narrow |
| When measuring the seg height for a PAL, you should measure from the ________ of the pupil to the _______ portion of the eyewire. | Center; lowest |
| Temple measurement is most often stated in | mm |
| How must the pad arms be tilted to increase the distance between the nosepads? | Outward |
| ___________ face form is when the bridge of the frame is out further than the top | positive |
| __________ face form is when the bridge of the frame is in closer than the endpieces | negative |
| _________ temples is an expression referring to curving temples around the head | bowing |
| A _____________ frame commonly has a metal chassis and plastic top rims | combination |
| A ___________ frame has 2 holes per lens and a metal reinforcing arm that follows the upper posterior surface of the lens | semirimless |
| A ___________ frame holds lenses in place only at the nasal edge | numont |
| ____________ are made especially for those needing a reading correction, but no distance correction | Half-eyes |
| A __________ frame secures the lenses in place with clips attached to a bar of tensile steel that fits into a slot on each side of the lenses. | balgrip |
| A________ _______ frame secures lenses in place by means of a small string that goes around the lenses | nylon cord |
| __________ _____________ is a frame material that is generally made into sheets and milled to make frames | cellulose acetate |
| ___________ is a frame material that starts out with granules that are heated until becoming liquid, then injection molded into the desired frame shape | propionate |
| ___________ is a nylon-based material that can be made translucent, not just opaque | polyamide |
| __________ is a material made from a liquid resin and a hardener that are mixed together and drawn into the frame molds using a vacuum process | optyl |
| ___________ ___________ is often used for temples because of its strength and flexibility | stainless steel |
| __________ is extremely light in weight and will not rust and can be made thin. | titanium |
| ___________ is lightweight and can be finished in a variety of colors. | aluminum |
| A synonym for nickel silver | German Silver |
| _________ ________ is whitish in color, pliable, resists corrosion, and accepts a high polish | monel metal |
| When choosing a frame for individuals with behind-the-ear hearing aids, the best temple design is one that is ______ and conforms to the ____ of the crotch of the ear. | thin; back |
| __________ __________ resists corrosion, malleable, and accepts color well | pure nickel |
| ______ __________ _______ is a combo of titanium and nickel | shape memory alloy |
| _________ ___________ _________ is when all major components are atleast 90 % titanium by weight and no nickel | certified 100 % titanium |
| _______ _______ _________ is when all major components are at least 70 % titanium by weight with no nickel | certified beta titanium |
| _______ face shapes may wear any type of frame | oval |
| Which face shape is suggested to have a deep frame with low temple attachments? | Oblong |
| What face shape is suggested for a narrow frame with high temple attachments? | Round or square |
| What face shape is suggested to fit the size to the largest part of the lower facial area and dark colors or a bolder look? | BD triangular shaped face |
| What face shape is suggested to use an unobtrusive metal or rimless frame, light or medium weight, lighter colors, rounded lens shape, and delicate characteristics of frame for women? | Inverted shaped face (diamond) |
| A PAL lens wearer needs frame with a ______ vd, an adequate _______ tilt, and sufficient verticle depth in the ______ portion of the frame shape. | minimal; pantoscopic; nasal |
| no face form is needed if PD______Eye size+bridge size | = |
| positive face form is needed if PD_____ Eye size + bridge size | < |
| negative face form is needed if PD____ Eye size + bridge size | > |
| no pantoscopic tilt is needed if the eyes are ____ the OC | at |
| Pantoscopic tilt is required if the eyes are ______ the OC | above |
| retroscopic tilt is required if the eyes are _____ the OC | below |
| If a person has their head back, the seg should be _______. If their head is down, the seg should be set____________. If a person is tall, the seg should be set____________. | lowered; higher; lower |
| If segs seem too _______, you can: 1. increase panto tilt 2. decrease vd 3. spread pads 4. move pads up by adjusting pad arms 5. stretch bridge (plastic frame) | high |
| If segs seem too_______, this can be done: 1.narrow pads 2. bend pads down by adjusting pad arms 3. increase vd 4. reduce panto tilt 5. shrink bridge (plastic lenses) | low |
| for every 1 diopter in the depth of the BC increases the depth of the vd by approximately ____________ mm. | 0.6 |
| Round bifocals need to be positioned about ______ higher than FT bifocals because the upper area is less useful. | 1 mm |
| What should be done if patient complains that seg height is always in the way? | seg should be lowered |
| What should be done if patient complains of stiffness in the neck caused by constant head-tilting due to a bifocal? | seg should be raised |
| If a certain eye size isn't available in a frame, when eye size is increased by 2mm across the A dimension, how many mms of lens material is effectively added to the outside edge in every direction? | 1 |
| What is a semifinished lens blank? | Only 1 side of the lens is finished (usually front) and back side needs to be ground and polished to the correct power |
| __________ ________ is the point on a lens surface around which the lens is cut and edged | mechanical center |
| A ___________ is normally used to enlarge a temple hinge screw thread. | tap |
| The lensmeter is designed to measure the _______ _____ of a lens | focal power |
| Which of the following tools can be used to determine the vd for a high plus aphakic spectacle wearer? a. seg measurer b. corneal reflex pupilometer c. lensmeter d. retroscopic angle gauge | b. corneal reflex pupilometer |
| ANSI states that a corrective lens used in safety glasses to be not less than __________ mm thick in plus meridians, except if they are > +3.00, then they can't be thinner than ____ mm. | 3; 2.5 |
| What measuring device is used to accurately measure A and B measurements of a finished lens pattern? | Box-o-graph |
| To best check for accuracy of edger axis, if is recommended to use a ___________ shaped lens. | square |
| For a high minus lens, how far back from the front lens surface should the bevel apex be placed? | 1/3 |
| When using a lensmeter, a bifocal ADD should be read with the ______ _______ of the lens against the lens stop | front side |
| The distance power of a progressive lens should be measured with the lensmeter at the ______ ________ ______ | distance reference point |
| If salt from a salt pan sticks to the frame, what may be done to alleviate the problem? | add talcum powder to the salt |
| What is another word for standard alignment? | truing |
| How many steps are there in standard alignment | 6 |
| The 1st step for putting a pair of frames in standard alignment is __________ alignment. | horizontal |
| __-____ _______ (vertical alignment) is the 2nd step in standard alignment. | 4-pt touch |
| ____ _______ alignment is the 3rd step of standard alignment | open temple |
| _______ ___________ (flat surface touch test) is the 4th step of standard alignment | temple parallelism |
| alignment of _______-_________ portions of the temple is the 5th step of standard alignment | bent-down |
| __________-_____ ________ is the 6th step of standard alignment | temple-fold angle |
| When the frame front is tested for 4-point touch, but only touches on the 2 temporal eyewires, the frame has ___ ______. | face form |
| A situation where the frame front is somewhat twisted, with the planes of the 2 lenses being out of line with another is called: | x-ing |
| A ________ _________ is an error in standard alignment where, when viewed from the front, one lens appears to be somewhat higher than the other. | skewed bridge |
| A frame is out of ______________ alignment when one lens is farther forward than the other. | coplanar |
| How many layers does the cornea consist of? | 5 |
| 1st layer of the cornea | epithelium |
| 2nd layer of the cornea | Bowman's membrane |
| 3rd layer of the cornea | The stroma |
| 4th layer of the cornea | Descemet's membrane |
| 5th layer of the cornea | Endothelium |
| The ______ is where the cornea blends into the sclera | limbus |
| The ______ _______ is the 1st refractive surface of the eye. | tear film |
| How many extrinsic muscles are there in the eye? | 6 |
| ______ is a tendency of the visual axis to deviate inward while the eyes are in a position of rest | esophoria |
| _____ is when the eye is turned in either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose | esotropia |
| _____ is a tendency of the visual axis to deviate outward while the eyes are in a position of rest. | exophoria |
| _______ is when the eye is turned out either constantly or intermittently toward the ear. | exotropia |
| ________ is the inflammation of the eyelid margins | blepharitis |
| ________ is a blockage or inflammation of a meibomian gland | chalazion |
| _________ is an infection of a zeis gland | hordeolum |
| ________ is the outward turning of the eyelids | ectropion |
| _________is incomplete eyelid closure | lagophthalmos |
| __________is the inward turning of the eyelashes | trichiasis |
| ________is a small, flat pigmented, benign tumor | nevus |
| _____ __________ __________ is almost always related to soiled soft contact lenses that are identified by large bumps, called "papillae" | giant papillary conjunctivitis |
| A ___________ is a small, rounded, yellowish benign tumor | pingecula |
| A __________ is a wedge-shaped overgrowth on the medial bulbar conjunctiva | pterygium |
| A ____________ ____________ is a blood from a broken vessel that is trapped under the conjunctiva | subconjunctival hemmorrhage |
| A _______________ is a viral infection affecting the conjunctiva, producing severe scarring of the lids and eventually affecting the cornea. | trachoma |
| _____ ___________ is when endothelium cells in the cornea undergoes degenerative changes | Fuch's dystrophy |
| ___________ is a thin membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera | conjunctiva |
| __________ aberration produces a shorter focal length for rays near the edge of the lens than rays near the optical axis. | spherical |
| Where is the optical center found on a round segment? | at the geometric center |
| ________ is the breaking up of white light into its component colors | dispersion |
| The reflection of light from a surface is most influenced by | the regularity of the surface |
| Any bundle of rays passing through a converging lens is made | more converging |
| An advantage of lenses ground in minus cylinder form versus those ground in plus cylinder form is _______ _______ _____ for better glazing. | flatter front curves |
| corrected curve lenses have ____ oblique astigmatism. | less |
| The sagittal depth of a curve varies with its dioptric value and its __________. | diameter |
| The patient that is most likely to find flaws in the frame or lenses when inspecting them without wearing visual correction is a _______ myope. | strong |
| Loss of vision without any apparent defect of the eye is called | amblyopia |
| Image is always increased if you ________ the front curve | increase |
| The near point for both a hyperope and a myope is in front of the _________. | cornea |
| The power of a bifocal ADD is the difference between the front vertex measurement of __________ and ____. | distance; near |
| Vd compensation for spectacle lenses is most needed for prescriptions that begin at | +/- 7.00 D |
| Holding frame front and bending the temples is an example of how you can ___________ pantoscopic tilt from the temples. | decrease |
| A type of frame mounting that holds the lenses in place by some method other than eyewires or nylon cords is a: a. rimless mounting b. semi-rimless mounting c. numont mounting d. all of the above | d. all of the above |
| Of the frame characteristics listed below, which is the least desirable to children? a. deeply grooved frame fronts b. nylon cord frame construction c. bridges that give support in the area of the lower portion of the nosepad d. spring temples | b. nylon cord frame construction |
| What is the frame difference? | A-B |
| When a person has dark irises or unequally sized pupils, to measure the binocular interpupillary distance you may measure from _________ limbus to ________ limbus. | inner; outer |
| The difference between measuring the distance and near PD's using a ruler is the dispenser does not _________ ______ when sighting the wearer's eyes. | change eyes |
| If front surface of the nosepads or bridge of plastic frame cut into the nose and back surface does not touch the nose then the _____ angle of the bridge is incorrect. | splay |
| When fitting a child, the distance from the inner edge of the nosepad to the child's canthus should be at least equal to ____ mm. | 10 |
| The most consistent reference point for measuring traditional bifocal heights is the ______ ______. | lower limbus |
| A __________ would be used to check for strain in a lens. | colmascope |
| If the glasses seem to slide off the wearer's nose but the fit behind the ears and on the nose look correct, you can ________ the temples _______ a little bit. | spread; apart |
| When adjusting a library temple, the temple should touch the side of the head at the ___ of the ear to the ___ of the temple behind the ear | top; tip |
| When adjusting a skull temple, the temple should touch the side of the head at the ___ of the ear and continue to the ___ (end) of the temple behind the ear. | top; tip |
| A characteristic most single vision CR-39 lens series have in common is _________ _______ ____. | minus cylinder form |
| What is the average reading distance? | 14-16 inches |
| The _________ bridge on a plastic frame supports the weight entirely on the pads. | keyhole |
| All of the following are methods of determining the monocular segment height for a progressive addition lens, except a. corneal reflex pupilometer b. plastic mm ruler c. marking fitting tape d. corneal relfection fitting tape method | a. corneal reflex pupilometer |
| A lens has a thickness of _______ the wavelength of incoming light when antireflective coating is applied to the lens. | 1/4 |
| Aphakic patients wearing strong cataract lenses would find which of the following fitting techniques most beneficial? a. negative face form b. a short vd c. above average pantoscopic tilt d. retroscopic angle | b. a short vd |
| As the pantoscopic angle is increased, the OC's should be ________ | lowered |
| By _________ the pad arms further ______ from the bridge can lower the front when adjusting the frame. | spreading; apart |
| If you flare pads _____ more, it relieves excessive pressure causing soreness at the back edge of the nose pads. | out |
| If the pad arms are bent up and the pads realigned, this adjustment will _____ the front. | drop |
| Bending the right temple downward will __________ the right side of the frame | raise |
| Angling the right temple outward will bring the right side of the frame ________ to the face | closer |
| To relieve tension on both ears, a good adjustment would be to ________ temple length-to-bend | increase |
| _______ _________ pliers are best used for adjustment of rocking pad arms. | half-round |
| _2.00D is apt to blur a young emmetrope who is viewing a distant object. | + |
| vertex __ mm, pantoscopic tilt 12-15 degrees, ______ face form adjustment when fitting a patient with a PAL for optimum performance. | 12; slight |
| To perform a Drop Ball Test for dress safety lenses a 5/8 inch steel ball weighing ________ is dropped 50 inches onto the surface of the lens. | 6/10 ounce |
| In pediatric fitting, correct _______ angle is achieved by matching the nose pad angle to the angles created by the sides of the nose where each pad rests. | splay |
| over-the-ear hearing aids are most comfortable when _________ ______ _______are used. | comfort cable temples |
| inset is ________ the distance between the distance and near PD | half |
| The intermediate portion of a trifocal is designed to produce clear images about ________ inches away. | 30 |
| On a PAL the prismatic effect is verified at the dot directly below the ______ ______. | fitting cross |
| A _____ bifocal allows easy and natural use by most children. A wide segment, usually ______ mm is recommended. | FT; 35 |
| The bifocal height is = to _____ the B measurement. | 1/2 |
| The average convergence distance in children is _____ mm | 2 |
| The average convergence distance in adults is ______ mm | 3 |
| The minimum fitting height for most PAL's is ______ mm. | 22 |
| ________ is a thermoplastic frame material that is molded instead of stamped out, and therefore returns to its original shape when heated. | optyl |
| ______ is a nylon-based spectacle frame material that is very strong, very lightweight, translucent, hypoallergenic, and can be made very thin. | polyamide |
| _______ is the most common metal used for spectacle frames, composed mainly of nickel, with the second largest component of copper. | monel |
| _______ ________ is a frame material that is made from iron and chrome, is highly resistant to corrosion, and has an element of flexibility that makes it well suited for temples. | stainless steel |
| A ___________ bridge may help to lengthen a short nose. | keyhole |
| The ______ angle of the bridge is incorrect if the frame bridge rests entirely on top of the nose and does not contact the sides of the nose. | frontal |
| The ______ angle of the bridge is the angle observed from the side (which should parallel the angle of the nose to the facial plane) when adjusting a saddle or contoured bridge. | crest |
| The ______ angle of the bridge is incorrect if the front surface of the nose pads or the bridge of the plastic frame cut into the nose and the back surface does not touch the nose. | splay |
| When positioning adjustable pads on the nose, the pads should appear to be _____ when observed from the side. | vertical |
| Once the pads have been adjusted to the surface of the nose, they should rest ______ on the nose, therefore distributing the weight of the frame evenly. | uniformly |
| The _____ bridge is best used with wide, flat bridges. | saddle |
| Polishing the edges of a high minus lens should be accompanied with ______ _________ to decrease internal reflections | AR coating |
| The MRP height must be measured for ______ ______ and _______ lenses. | high index; polycarbonate |
| If a child's bridge is extremely flat and perfect weight distribution cannot be gained by adjusting the pad arms, the dispenser should increase the ______ _______ of the frame slightly | retroscopic angle |
| When adjusting nose pads on a child, _____ pad flare is usually needed. | more |
| When measuring for trifocal height, a full ______ is subtracted to allow for pupil clearance of the intermediate seg in distance viewing | mm |
| A very short person should have the seg placed in the ______ position | normal |
| High minus lenses worn in a frame that is too large makes the head look ______ behind the lenses compared with the rest of the face. | narrow |
| A ___ _____ is an instrument designed to measure the sagittal height and depth of the lens curve and usually calibrated to express the measurement in dioptric tool surface power. | lens clock |
| When compressing the barrels together somewhat to help tighten a loose temple, it is best done with pliers whose jaws are ____ when open. | parallel |
| A _____ _____ distributes the weight of the frame over the nose pad area and the crest of the nose. | strap bridge |
| In a PAL, the "progressive zone" is also known as the | corridor |
| To reduce oblique astigmatism as the wearer looks down through the lens, the seg height of a high plus lens should be as ____ as possible | high |
| If the glasses seem to slide off the wearer's nose but the fit behind the ears and on the nose look correct spread the temples _____ a little bit | apart |
| Which of the following areas is NOT a factor in determining vertical imbalance? a. reading depth b. sphere power in the 90 degree meridian c. cylinder power in the 90 degree meridian d. ADD power | d. ADD power |
| How much cylinder power does a lens have at 90 degrees away? | 100% |
| How much cylinder power does a lens have at 60 degrees away? | 75% |
| How much cylinder power does a lens have at 45 degrees away? | 50% |
| How much cylinder does a lens have at 30 degrees away? | 25% |
| How much power does a lens have at 0 degrees away? | 0% |
| A 4x microscope lens has a dioptric value of about | 16.00D |
| When using a lensmeter, a standard fused bifocal lens has how many measurable optical centers? | 2 |
| Does a seg get lowered or raised if the seg height is less than half the B? | lowered |
| Using the boxing system, the pattern always rotates around the _________ __________ for the lens reference point | mechanical center |
| The BC of a _______ is the curve on the lens from which all of the other curves will be calculated. | lens |
| The BC of a _____________ lens is the curve on the surface containing the segment. | multifocal |
| The BC of a ______ surface is the flattest curve on the surface. | toric |
| Who mandates impact resistance for dress ophthalmic lenses? | FDA |
| Who prevents unfair business practices, such as deceptive advertising and monopolies? | FTC |
| Who mandates basic impact and high impact resistance for safety lenses and frames? | ANSI |
| Who develops standards for testing and materials? | ASTM |
| Which federal law sets standards to collect, dispose of, transfer, and release personal information? | HIPAA |
| Which federal agency is charged with regulating safety practices in the workplace and in educational settings? | OSHA |
| The ______ _ _____ is when the dispenser informs the patient about the availability of eyewear alternatives that provide optimal eye safety in the particular wearing conditions applicable for that individual. | duty to inform |
| ________ ________ is when the product was not up to accepted standards depending on type of eyewear. | Product liability |
| _________ is when the defendant practitioner did not conform to the standard care. | negligence |
| What does FDA stand for? | Food and Drug Administration |
| What does the FTC stand for? | Federal Trade Commission |
| What does ANSI stand for? | American National Standards Institute |
| What does the ASTM stand for? | American Standards for Testing and Materials |
| What does HiPAA stand for? | the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act |
| What does OSHA stand for? | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
| What are the 3 general categories for eyewear? | dress, safety, and sport |
| The FDA requires that records be kept for ___ years after the purchase of eyeglasses. | 3 |
| True or False? A -2.50D high index glass lens is heavier than a crown glass lens of equal thickness and power. | True |
| True or False? A high-index plastic lens is heavier than a lower index crown glass lens. | False |
| The purpose of blowing air against both sides of a glass lens after heating the lens in a thermal-hardening unit is to create stress within the lens and increase ___________ __________. | impact resistance |
| True or False? Eyeglasses II no longer lists minimal information needed for a spectacle lens prescription as was found in Eyeglasses I. | True |
| A ____________ is the instrument used to check to see if a glass lens has been heat treated. | Polariscope |
| True or False? Listing a lens material as part of an eyeglass prescription is inappropriate. | False |
| True or False? Because the laboratory takes full responsibility for the accuracy of safety and sports prescription eyewear, verification of lens thickness by the dispenser is unnecessary. | False |
| The correct ophthalmic terminology for eyewear that is used for everyday and not for sports or safety is | dress eyewear |
| What are the minimum thickness requirements mandated by the FDA for dress eyewear? | There are no minimum thickness requirements. |
| When may retailers dispense prescription lenses that are not impact resistant? | when no other types of impact-resistant lenses will fulfill the visual requirements of the wearer |
| The standard "referee test" for determining impact resistance that is suitable for dress ophthalmic lenses is a _____ inch steel ball dropped on the front surface the lens from a height of _____ inches | 5/8; 50 |
| True or False? Plano sunglasses manufactured in quantity do not have to be impact resistant. | False |
| A wearer breaks his frames. You find a new frame, but the old chemically tempered glass lenses are too large. The lenses can be ___________, but must be chemtempered again and drop-ball tested again before being put into the new frame. | re-edged |
| The "duty to inform" someone of the safest options for their eyewear needs is a ________________ responsibility. | professional |
| The basic safety eyewear minimum thickness are ______ mm (except +3.00 D and above, which have a minimum thickness of __ mm. | 3.0; 2.5 |
| The high impact safety eyewear minimum thickness is ____ mm. | 2.0 |
| The standard "referee test" for determining impact resistance suitable for basic impact prescription safety lenses is a ___ inch steel ball dropped on the front surface of the lens from a height of ____ inches. | 1; 50 |
| A safety frame suitable for high impact safety lenses must be marked size, manufacturer, and _______ on the front and the temples | Z87-2 |
| True or False? Putting a 2.0-mm thick CR-39 lenses in a safety frame, but not marking the lenses for safety, is acceptable if the person just wants the glasses for regular wear. | False |
| True or False? Putting a 2.0-mm thick polycarbonate lenses in a safety frame, but not marking the lenses for safety, is acceptable if the person just wants the glasses for regular wear. | False |
| True or False? A lens may be identified as having been chemically tempered by placing it in a colmascope. (A colmascope consists of 2 crossed polarized filters that are back lighted.) | False |
| The total power of the cornea is _____ D | +43.00 |
| The total power of the crystalline lens is _______ D | +17.00 |
| The eye is made up of ___ layers | 3 |
| The 3 layers of the eye are: | the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and the neural (nervous) tunic |
| The (outer) fibrous tunic layer of the eye consists of: | sclera and cornea |
| The (middle) vascular tunic layer of the eye consists of | the choroid, iris, and ciliary body |
| What is the purpose for the vascular tunic? | nourishment |
| The (inner) neural layer of the eye consists of | the retina |
| What are the 3 chambers in the globe? | anterior, posterior, and vitreous |
| The ______ is the opaque white of the eye and the outer protective layer, and provides the structure of the entire eye. | sclera |
| The ______ is the middle layer. It's vascular and is a network of blood vessels. It surrounds the retina and provides it with nutrients. | choroid |
| The anterior and posterior chamber both include _________ _______ . | aqueous humor |
| The ____ _____ is where the aqueous humor is produced. | ciliary body |
| The ________ ________ is the largest space. | vitreous chamber |
| The vitreous chamber is where a gel substance called _______ _______ is contained. | vitreous humor |
| The _______ is transparent, which allows light to enter the eye. | cornea |
| The cornea is __________ (without blood vessels) | avascular |
| The __________ is the 1st layer of the cornea, that regenerates every 24 hours. | epithelium |
| The epithelium is ______ layers thick | 5-7 |
| The _____ ______ is the 2nd layer of the cornea, and is a protective transition layer. | Bowman's Membrane |
| The ______ is the 3rd layer and the thickest(90%) in the cornea. | stroma |
| The ________ __________ is the 4th layer in the cornea, and seperates the stroma from the endothelium. | Descemet's Membrane |
| The _______ is the 5th layer/ inner layer of the cornea. | endothelium |
| The endothelium is responsible for __________, which is where the water content of the cornea is controlled by a dynamic process of pumping and leaking. | deturgescence. |
| There are _________ rods in the retina | 120 million |
| There are ______ cones in the retina | 6 million |
| ______ are used in night vision and peripheral vision | rods |
| ____ are used in color vision and central vision | cones |
| There are __ extrinsic muscles that attach to the sclera and control movement of the globe | 6 |
| The __________ _________ rotates the eye upward | superior rectus |
| The ________ _________ rotates the eye downward | inferior rectus |
| The ______ _______ rotates the eye outward | lateral rectus |
| The ______ ________ rotates the eye inward | medial rectus |
| The ________ ________ rotates the eye down and out | superior oblique |
| The ________ ________ rotates the eye up and out | inferior oblique |
| In ___________ the ocular image from one eye differs in size from the other eye so that the images can't fuse together | aniseikonia |
| ________ is the opacity of the crystalline lens | cataract |
| _________ _________ are used to manipulate image size when fusion is difficult | iseikonic lenses |
| __________ is the failure of both eyes to simultaneously direct their gaze ; a muscle imbalance | strabismus |
| __________ is when the ability to accommodate for near vision becomes inadequate because the loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens | presbyopia |
| ___________ is night vision | scotopic |
| __________ is day vision | photopic |
| ____________ is the ability to use both eyes as a team and be able to turn the eyes toward a far object | divergence |
| __________ (therapeutic) prism is placed in front of an eye with a weak or paralyzed muscle to displace the image in the same direction that the eye turns. | relieving |
| _________(exercising) prism is placed with the apex over the weak muscle to make it work harder. | adverse |
| ______ tint is used for unfavorable light situations, such as fluorescent lighting or glare in work area | pink |
| __________ tint is used for competitive shooting | yellow |
| ______ tint has some of the same qualities as a yellow lens in that there is a higher absorption or shorter visible wavelengths. This and gray tint are most popular tint choices | brown |
| ______ tint has a transmission curve that closely approximates the color sensitivity curve for the human eye. | green |
| _____ tint is most popular for sun protection | gray |
| ________ ________ is the method of choice for hardening of photochromic lenses. | chemical tempering |
| _______ ___________ is when heat bleaches a photochromic lens. | heat bleaching |
| There are __ different types of UV radiation | 3 |
| What are the 3 types of UV radiation? | A, B, and C |
| UV-_____ may cause sunburn or cataracts, and is between 315 and 380 nm. (Least harmful)-mostly absorbed by crystalline lens | A |
| UV-____ causes sunburn, corneal burn, retinal damage and cataracts, over time. Is between 290-315 nm. It is mainly absorbed by the cornea and partly by the lens | B |
| UV-____ Extremely dangerous!!! Absorbed by ozone layer in our atmosphere. Welder's torch can emit this. It can cause cataracts, snow blindness, macular degeneration, welder's burn, pterygium, or pingecula. It is between 200 and 290 nm. | C |
| An uncoated normal plastic lens will reflect approximately ______% of light. | 8 |
| A box-o-graph is used to measure lenses for _____ | size |
| _________ is a tendency of the eye to turn upward. It may be constant or occur only when tired or stressed. | hyperphoria |
| ________ is a tendency of the eye to turn downward. | hypophoria |
| When the path of light is drawn through a lens, the primary focal point of a converging lens is | to the left of the lens |
| When rays diverge on leaving a lens, the image of the object | is a virtual image |
| On a converging meniscus lens, the ______ vertex is always stronger than the ______ vertex power. | back; front |
| When wearing strong plus lenses, the wearer is experiencing _______ vertex power | back |
| When a high minus powered lens is moved closer to the eye, the compensated power must be ________. | decreased |
| A __________ image is an image in which no light rays pass through the image. | virtual |
| When glasses are placed in the lensmeter in the normal position, with the back or concave surface toward the lens stop and the front or convex surface toward the optician, the lensmeter reading will give the ______ vertex power. | back |
| In a minus lens, the object is displaced ______ the optical center | toward |
| Ina plus lens, the object is displaced ______ _____ the optical center | away from |
| ________ is visual discomfort regardless of cause. | asthenopia |
| _______ muscle is what opens the iris to let more light in | dilator |
| ______ muscle is what closes the iris | sphincter |
| How many layers are there in the tear film? | 3 |
| The outermost tear film layer is the _____ layer, which prevents evaporation and provides lubrication for smooth eyelid movement. It is produced by the meibomian glands. | lipid |
| The middle layer of the tear film is the ________ layer, and it contains 98 % water, is the thickest layer, and is secreted by the lacrimal glands. | aqueous |
| The inner layer of the tear film is the ______ layer, and it is produced and secreted by the conjunctival goblet cells. | mucous |
| How many layers are there in the conjunctiva? | 3 |
| the __________ conjunctiva lines the eyelids | palpebral |
| the _________ conjunctiva covers the sclera | bulbar |
| the conjunctival _________ connects the palpebral and the bulbar | fornix |
| inward turning of the eyelid | entropion |
| The _______ test (tear break up time) tests the quality of tears | TBUT |
| The _______ test tests the quantity of tears | schirmer |
| Visible light ranges from | 380-750 nm |
| __________ shows that waves diverge from their source | divergence |
| _________ lines are lines that spread apart as if originating from a point | divergent |
| _______ lines are lines that come together to meet at a point (then diverge again as they continue their path) | convergent |
| ______: a path of a single photon of light from a single point on a light source | rays |
| ______: a group of rays divergent from a single point on a light source | pencils |
| ________: a beam of light is composed of a group of pencils | beams |
| _______: a particle of light. It will travel in a straight line unless it changes speed or passes a barrier | photon |
| _________ lenses are what glass lenses are often referred to. | mineral |
| _______ lenses are what plastic lenses are often referred to. | organic |
| the higher the _________ number, the lower the dispersive value, and LESS chromatic aberration of the lens. | Abbe' |
| As light strikes the single layer coated lens surface, some of the light will reflect from the coating surface and some from the lens surface. This causes the two reflected waves of light to out of phase with each other, causing _________ interference an | destructive |
| AR will adhere to a lens better if the lens has a high-quality _______ ______ coating | anti-scratch |
| When a plastic lens has an AR coating, the impact resistance normally __________. | decreases |
| A backside AR coating allows the majority of the light coming in from behind the wearer to pass on through the lens without being ___________ back into the eyes | reflected |
| What must be done if a lens can't be made impact resistant for a patient? | it must be recorded in the patient's record and the patient must be notified in writing |
| High impact lenses must pass a high velocity impact test, which means that it must be capable of withstanding a ____ inch steel ball traveling at _____ ft/sec | 1/4; 150 |
| High impact safety lenses are marked in the same manner as basic-impact lenses, except that they are to be additionally marked with a _____ symbol, not just the manufacturer's label | + |
| The result of 3 ^ BU in the right lens and 3 ^ BD in the left lens is | vertical disassociation of the eyes |
| A converging lens shows | against motion |
| There is never prism present at the _____ of the lens | optical center |
| Slab-off prism ground on glass lenses creates | BU prism in the reading area |
| List the colors from least refracted color to the most refracted color | ROYGBIV |
| The result of 3 ^ BI in the right lens and 3 ^ BI in the left lens is | 6 ^ of divergence of the eyes |
| reverse slab-off is molded on the back of _________ lenses | plastic |
| The result of 2 ^BU in the right lens and 2^ BU in the left lens is | no vertical disassociation but some distortion for the wearer |
| When looking through a prism, the eye will rotate toward the ______ of the prism | apex |
| The angle at the apex of a prism is sometimes called the | refracting angle |
| The result of 2 ^ BI in the right lens and 2 ^ BO in the left lens is no horizontal disassociation but ______ distortion for the wearer | some |
| The datum or D measurement is less than or equal to the __ measurement | A |
| concave lenses ______ the image | minifies |
| convex lenses _______ the image | magnify |
| concave lenses show _________ images | virtual |
| convex lenses show ______ images | real |
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celticdragon86
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