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diseases exam final
CP diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The major pathologic or structural changes associated with emphysema are: | Permanent enlargement and destruction of respiratory bronchioles,Destruction of pulmonary capillaries,Hyperinflation of alveolii |
| Panlobular emphysema is the abnormal dilation of the airways: | Distal to the terminal bronchioles |
| Important etiologic factors of emphysema are: | Cigarette smoking,Gastroesophageal reflex disease,Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency |
| Polycythemia and corpulmonale associated with severe emphysema may lead to the following: | Distended neck veins,Pitting edema,Enlarged and tender liver |
| Emphysema accompanied by chronic bronchitis may lead to: | Polycythemia |
| Chest radiographic findings on a patient with emphysema may include: | Depressed or flattened diaphragms,Enlarged heart,Increased retrosternal air spaces |
| Functional Residual capacity (FRC) is higher in a patient with severe emphysema because: | Increased RV due to air-traping |
| Sputum examination of an emphysematic patient (when accompanied by chronic bronchitis) most commonly: | Streptococus pneumoniae,Haemophilus Influenza |
| The combination of air trapping, lung hyperinflation, and alveolar hypoventilation associated with emphysema leads to an increased v/q ratio. t or f? | False |
| Which is the most appropriate lung volume for a patient with emphysema? | Increased tidal volume |
| Percussion notes on a patient with emphysema are | hyperresonant. |
| Which of the following pulmonary function study findings are associated with severe emphysema? | Increased FRC, Increased RV, Decreased FVC |
| Which of the folllowing is true regarding a patient in severe emphysema? | Fully compensated respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia |
| The lung parenchyma in the chest radiograph of a patient with emphysema appear | More translucent than normal,Dark |
| Major anatomic alterations of the lungs associated with emphysema: | Distal airway and alveolar weakening,Alveolar hyperinflation (air-trapping),Permanent enlargement and deterioration of alveoli |
| Chest assessment findings of a patient with chronic bronchitis: | Hyperresonant percussion note, Diminished breath sound, Rhonchi or crackles |
| Which of the following is most commonly seen on sputum examination in a patient with chronic bronchitis? | Streptococus pneumoniae |
| In the treatment of patients presenting to the hospital with moderate or severe acute exacerbation of COPD, the following therapeutic options are benefitial: | Systemic corticosteroids up to 2 weeks, if not on long term steroid therapy, Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,Oxygen, with caution, in hypoxemic patients |
| In chronic bronchitis,The bronchial glands are | enlarged |
| Which of the following is/are believed to play a major etiologic role in chronic bronchitis? | Ozone,Sulpher dioxide,Nitrogen oxide. |
| Spirometry results on a patient with chronic bronchitis shows which of the following? ERV? | decreased |
| Patients with severe chronic bronchitis may demonstrate which of the following? | Distended neck vein,An elevated hemoglobin concentration, An enlarged liver |
| In the treatment of patients presenting to the hospital with moderate or severe acute exacerbration of COPD, the following therapeutic options are beneficial: | Systemic corticosteroids (up to 2 weeks) if the patient is not receiving long term oral steroid |
| Chronic bronchitis is charecterised by: | Bronchial smooth muscle constriction,Anatomic changes in smaller airways, Alveolar hyperinflation |
| Which of the following is/are true regarding intrinsic asthma? | Asthmatic episode cannot be linked to a specific antigen, Normal serum IgE level when exposed to antigen,Also called nonatopic asthma |
| The immunologic response in asthma releases the following chemical mediators: | Histamine,Leukotrines,ECF-A |
| With regard to the Asthma Zone Management System, the “Yellow Zone” is defined as: | 50-80% of personal best PEFR |
| Step 4, in the Stepwise Approach for the Management of Asthma in Adults and Children (National Institutes of Health), is described as: | Severe persistent |
| When pulsus paradoxus appears during an asthmatic attack: | Systolic blood pressure is more than 10 mm Hg lower on inspiration than expiration |
| Which of the following doesn't affect Oxygen transport (D02): | Tidal volume |
| Asthma is associated with | Atelectasis (severe cases) |
| What condition which is not applicable with asthma | Chronic dilation of bronchial airway |
| When chemical mediators from mast cells are released: | Bronchial gland hypersecretion occurs,Tissue edema occurs |
| During an asthmatic episode, which of the following spirometry values are true? | Decreased PEFR,Decreased FVC |
| During mast cell degranulation, which of the following chemical mediators are released? | ECF-A,Histamine,Leukotrines |
| Patients commonly exhibit which of the following arterial blood gas values during an acute asthmatic episode. | Increased pH,Decreased Bicarbonate,Decreased PaO2 |
| Recommended treatment regimen for asthmatic when peak flow meter shows 55% of the personal best is: | Temporary increase in medication |
| First line preventer (controller) agent for asthma is | Cromolyn sodium |
| Major pathologic or structural changes associated with bronchiectasis: | Excessive production of often foul-smelling sputum,Hyperinflation of the distal alveolii,telectasis, consolidation and fibrosis |
| Major forms of bronchiectasis are: | Vericose,Saccular,Cylindrical |
| Which of the following is true regarding vericose(fusiform) bronchiectasis: | Bronchi are dilated and constricted in irregular fashion. |
| Which type of bronchiectasis causes the greatest damage to the tracheobronchial tree? | Sacular bronchiectasis |
| The etiology of bronchiectasis is not always clear. | |
| Which of the following are the causes of acquired bronchiectasis? | Repeated and prologed respiratory tract infections,Bronchial obstruction caused by foreign bodies,Respiratory complications of chickemnpox |
| Commonly cultured organisms from the sputum of patients with bronchiectasis are: | Haemophilus Influenzae,Streptococus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Arterial blood gas in a severe bronchiectasis is most likely: | Chronic ventilatory failure with hypoxemia |
| Bronchiectasis is primarily: | Restrictive or obstructive disease |
| Which of the following are common causes of acquired bronchiectasis? | . Pulmonary tuberculosis |
| In the primary obstructive form of bronchiectasis, the patient commonly demonstrates which of the following? | Decreased PEFR |
| Which of the following are classified as Mucolytic agents to enhance the mobilization of secretions? | Acetylcysteine,rhDNase |
| When the pathophysiology of bronchiectasis is primarily obstructive in nature the patient demonstrates which of the following clinical manifestations? | Decreased tactile and voclal fremitus,Crackles/rhonchi/wheezing |
| Which of the following diagnostic procedures is/are used to diagnose bronchiectasis? | Bronchography,Computed tomography |
| Which of the following is/are congenital causes of bronchiectasis? | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Gram-negative organism |
| Streptococcus | Gram-positive organism |
| Enterobacter species | Gram-negative organism |
| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Viral cause |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gram-negative organism |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia | Atypical organism |
| Staphylococcus | Gram-positive organism |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Viral cause |
| Most bacterial pneumonias are caused by Streptococcus bacteria. t or f? | t |
| Increased respiratory rate, increased heart rate , and decreased chest expansion are usually noticed on patients with pneumonia during physical assessment. t or f? | t |
| The coronavirus is associated with SARS. t or f? | t |
| Patients with pneumonia usually produce soft, diminished breath sounds over the affected area. t or f? | f |
| In pneumonia, percussion notes are usually dull over the affected area. t or f? | t |
| Which of the following is/are commonly seen in patients with AIDS? | Aspergillus,Cryptococus, Pneumocysis carinii,Cytomegalovirus |
| The first drug of choice in treating a lung abscess is: | Penicillin |
| The chest assessment findings commonly show which of the following directly over the abscess? | Crackles and rhonchi,Dull percussion note,Bronchial breath sounds,Diminished breath sounds |
| Predisposing factors that frequently lead to the aspiration of gastrointestinal fluids (and anaerobes) are usually related to which of the following? | General anesthesia,Head trauma,Cerebrovascular accident,Seizure disorder,Alcoholic abuse |
| Which of the following anatomic alterations of the lungs is/are associated with lung abscess? | Alveolar consolidation,Bronchopleural fistulae,Atelectasis,Excessive airway secretions |
| Anatomically, a lung abscess most commonly forms in which part(s) of the lung: | Posterior segment of the upper lung,Superior segment of the lower lobe. |
| Which of the following pulmonary function findings may be associated with severe and extensive lung abcess? | Decreased FVC,Decreased RV |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms enters humans in the following ways | Respiratory tract,Gastrointestinal tract,Open wound in the skin |
| A positive tuberculin test begins with a wheal of what size? | 10 mm or greater |
| TB infection that escapes from a tubercle and rapidly disseminate to sites other than the lungs by means of: | Blood stream |
| The most common oxygen rich areas where the disseminated TB bacilli resides are: | Regional lymph nodes,Kidneys,Ends of long bones |
| What is the name of the protective cell wall that surrounds and encases lung tissue infected with tuberculosis? | Granuloma,Tubercle |
| Drug resistant TB is probable if the person infected with TB | Is foreign born,Had previous antituberculous drug therapy,Been exposed to another patient with drug resistant TB |
| Positive reaction confirms | that a patient has active TB |
| Coccidioidomycosis is also known as: | Desert fever,San Joaquin Valley disease,Valley fever |
| Which of the following is considered the drug of choice for severe fungal diseases of the lungs? | Amphotercin B |
| Fungal diseases most commonly involve the apical and posterior segments of the upper lung lobes. t or f? | t |
| Fungal diseases and tuberculosis cause similar anatomic changes of the lungs. t or f? | t |
| When fungal spores are inhaled, which of the following pathologic or structural changes of the lungs may happen? | Alveolar consolidation,Fibrosis and secondary calcification of the lungs,Caseous tubercles or granulomas |
| Signs and symptoms of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis is charecterized by infiltration and cavity formation in the upper lobes of one or both lungs. What are the signs and symptoms of the disease at this stage? | Fever,Weight loss,Hemoptysis |
| The diagnosis of blastomycosis can be made by: | Fungal stain test,Culture of the fungus |
| The condition called desert bumps, desert arthritis, or desert rheumatism is associated with which of the following disorder? | Coccidomycosis |
| Opportunistic infection is: | An infection caused primarily by a non-pathogenic organism in an immunocompromised individual. |
| Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding restrictive lung disorders and obstructive lung diseases. | Lung volumes are lower in restrictive lung disorders,Expiratory flow rates are lower in obstructive lung disorders |
| During acute pulmonary edema: Alveolar surface tension | increases |
| Colloid osmotic pressure is also called | colloid oncotic pressure |
| Which one on the pulmonary function values during pulmonary edema is correct?VT is | normal or decreased |
| in pulmonary edema, an increased hydrostatic pressure is caused by: | Excessive sodium consumption |
| The normal colloid osmotic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries: | 25-30 mm Hg |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is: | Inability to breath in a supine position |
| Which of the following is/are considered noncardiogenic cause(s) of increased capillary permeability? | Head injury,Pneumonia,Sulfur dioxide,Alveolar hypoxia |
| What is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries? | 10-15 mm Hg |
| In pulmonary edema, fluid first moves into the: | Perivascular interstitial space,Peribronchial interstitial space |
| Which of the following are causes of cardiogenic pulmonary edema? | Excessive fluid administration, |
| When a patient with pulmonary edema lies down, pulmonary hydrostatic pressure rises. This action will: | Promotes pulmonary shunting,Raises venus admixture,Causes hypoxemia |
| Mask CPAP has been shown to produce significant and rapid improvement in oxygentation and ventilatory status in patients with pulmonary edema due to: | Decreases vascular congestion,Enhances gas exchange. |
| Acute pulmonary edema is treated by: | Oxygen,Morphin sulphate,Lasix |
| A large embolus that lodges in the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery is called a | Saddle embolus |
| When an embolus lodges in the pulmonary vascular system, the ventilation beyond the obstruction results: | Wasted ventilation |
| As a result of the decreased systemic blood pressure associated with a pulmonary embolism, reflexes from the aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors cause: | Increased heart rate and ventilatory rate |
| The last resort in treating pulmonary embolism because of the mortality rate associated with it is: | Pulmonary embolectomy |
| The loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain is called: | Syncope |
| If ABG shows acute ventilatory failure for a patient with severe pulmonary emboli, the most appropriate treatment is: | Continuous mechanical ventilation |
| Which of the following is/are major mechanisms that contribute to the pulmonary hypertension commonly seen in the patients with pulmonary embolism? | Decreased cross-section area of the pulmonary vascular system because of the emboli, Vasoconstriction induced by alveolar hypoxia, Vasconstriction induced by humoral agents |
| Which of the following thrombolytic agents is/are used to treat pulmonary embolism? | Urokinase,Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA,Streptokinase |
| If the pulmonary embolism significantly disrupts blood flow pulmonary infarction develops and causes: | Alveolar atelectasis,Consolidation,Bronchial smooth muscle constriction |
| A first-choice test for patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism is | Fast Computed Tomography Scan |
| Chest radiograph findings of patients with pulmonary embolism: | Dilation of the pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary edema,Right ventricular cardiomegaly |
| When humoral agents such as serotonin are released into the pulmonary circulation, which of the following occur? | The V/Q ratio decreases,The bronchial smooth muscle constrict |
| Most pulmonary emboli originates from | Leg and pelvic vein |
| As a consequence of severe flail chest, which of the following occurs? | VT decreases,FRC decreases |
| When a patient has a severe flail chest, which of the following occurs? | Cardiac output decreases,VO2 remains unchanged |
| A flail chest is the result of double fractures of: | Three or more adjacent ribs |
| When a paradoxical movement is seen in a patient with a flail chest, the fractured ribs: | Sink in during inspiration |
| In mild cases of flail chest the required treatment is: | Pain medication,Routine bronchial hygiene |
| In severe cases of flail chest the management of patient include: | Stabilization of chest wall,Volume caontrol ventilation with PEEP |
| Which of the following pathophysiologic mechanisms may be activated as a result of a flail chest and increase the patient’s respiratory rate? | V/Q ratio decreases,Stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors |
| When gas enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to leave during expiration, the patient is said to have a/an: | Valvular pneumothorax,Tension pneumothorax |
| Which of the following may cause a pneumothorax? | Pneumonia,Tuberculosis,Bulla |
| When a patient has a pneumothorax because of a suckling chest wound, which of the following occurrs? | The mediastinum often moves to the unaffected side during inspiration, Intrapleural pressure on the affected side often rises above the atmospheric pressure during inspiration,The mediastinum often moves to the affected side during expiration |
| A patient with a severe tension pneumothorax demonstrates which of the following? | Diminished breath sound,Hyperresonant percussion note |
| Which of the following is not a major pathologic change associated with pneumothorax: | Increase venus return |
| In an open pneumothorax: | Pleural space is in direct contact with atmosphere,Gas can move in and out of pleural space,Also called sucking chest wound |
| A pneumothorax in which the intrapleural pressure exceeds intraalveolar pressure is called: | Tension pneumothorax |
| When treating a pneumothorax with a chest tube and suction, the negative pressure used is: | -5 cm H2O |
| When the pneumothorax is 15-20% the patient may need: | Bed rest or limited physical activity |
| Bed rest or limited physical activity | Needle aspiration |
| Which of the following is the common causes of transudative pleural effusion? | CHF |
| Trauma to the neck commonly causes which of the following? | Chylothorax |
| Which of the following is/are major causes of an exudative pleural effusion? | Tuberculosis,Pneumonia,Fungal diseases |
| A pleural effusion commonly demonstrates which of the following findings during a chest assessment? | Dull percussion note,Tracheal shift |
| Which of the following is/are associated with transudative pleural effusion? | Thin and watery fluid,Few blood cells |
| Fluid samples from a thoracentesis may be examined for which of the following? | Protein and glucose,Cytology,RBC count,AFB stains |
| Chylothorax | Presence of the milky liquid (produced in the small intestine during digestion) in the pleural cavity |
| Empyema | Pus in the pleural cavity |
| Pleurodesis | A chemical or medication is injected in to the chest cavity |
| Thoracentesis | Puncture of the chest wall for the removal of fluid |
| Which of the following pulmonary function value(s) is/are true in kyphoscoliosis? | Decreased VT,Decreased RV |
| The clinical manifestations associated with kyphoscoliosis are | Mucus accumulation throughout tracheobronchial tree,Atelectasis,Mediastinal shift |
| Which of the following is/are associated with kyphoscoliosis? | Dull percussion note, Bronchial breath sounds |
| Kyphosis is a lateral curve of the spine.t or f? | false |
| Polycythemia and cor pulmonale are associated with kyphoscoliosis. t or f? | True |
| The following statements are true regarding kyphoscoliosis | Surgery is recommended if the curvature of the spine is greater than 50 degrees, Braces does not cure scoliosis |
| The etiologic determinants in the development of pneumoconiosis include the following except: | Size of the inhaled particles is between 0.5 and 1.2 microns is likely to reach the alveoli |
| The DLCO is normal in pneumoconiosis.t or f? | f |
| A lower-than-normal hemoglobin concentration is associated with severe pneumoconiosis. t or f? | f |
| The clinical manifestations associated with pneumoconiosis are based on the clinical scenarios activated by which of the following? | Increased alveolar-capillary membrane thickness, Bronchospasm |
| Chest radiographic findings of patient with pneumoconiosis include | Small rounded opacities scattered throughout the lung,Honeycomb appearance |
| Which of the following expiratory maneuver findings is/are associated with the pneumoconioses? | Decreased FEV 1.0,Decreased FVC |
| The fibrotic changes that develop in coal worker's pneumoconiosis usually result from which of the following? | silica |
| growth rate of Small-cell carcinoma | very fast |
| growth rate of Squamous cell carcinoma | slow |
| growth rate of Adenocarcinoma | moderate |
| Which of the following is associated with bronchogenic carcinoma? | Alveolar consolidation,Pleural effusion,Atelectasis |
| Benign tumors: | grow slowly.,are usually encapsulated. |
| Which of the following has the fastest growth (doubling) rate? | Oat-cell carcinoma |
| Which of the following is/are non–small-cell lung cancer(s)? | Undifferentiated carcinoma,Squamous carcinoma,Adenocarcinoma |
| Squamous cell carcinoma is strongly associated with cigarette smoking. t or f? | t |
| Adenocarcinoma arises from the mucous glands of the tracheobronchial tree. t or f? | t |
| Surgical resection is the principle form of treatment for patients with Stage I or Stage II lung cancer. t or f? | t |
| Hypoxemia caused by capillary shunting often is refractory to oxygen therapy.t or f? | t |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding ARDS? | Bronchial breath sounds are associated with ARDS. |
| During early stages of ARDS, the patient commonly demonstrates which of the following arterial blood gas? | decreased HcO3 |
| ARDS has been called many different names in the medical literature. Primarily, the names have been based on the etiology believed to be responsible for the disease. t or f? t | |
| The clinical manifestations associated with ARDS are based on the clinical scenarios activated by which of the following? | Consolidation, Increased alveolar-capillary membrane thickness,Atelectasis |
| What is the generic name of Lasix? | Furosemide |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) seen in patients with shock is a condition of paradoxical simultaneous clotting and bleeding that produces microthrombi in the lungs. t or f? | t |
| Which of the following is not true regarding ARDS? | Hyperresonant percussion note |
| Ventilation strategy for most patients with ARDS is: | Tidal volume is 4 to 8 ml/kg of ideal body weight |
| The patient with interstitial lung disease may demonstrate: | Obstructive disorder, restrictive disorder, or a combination of obstructive and restritive disorder |
| Which of the following is another name for extrinsic allergic alveolitis? | Hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
| Which of the following disorder is associated with desqumative interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia? | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
| Pulmonary manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus are: | Pleurisy with or without effusion,Atelectasis,Diffuse interstitial lung disease,Diaphramatic dysfunction,Infection |
| Which of the following pulmonary function study findings is/are associated with chronic interstitial lung disease? | Normal or decreased FEV1,Decreased FVC |
| A pleural effusion is commonly associated with which of the following chronic interstitial lung diseases? | systemic lupus erythematosus,Rhematoid arthritis |
| The diagnosis of drug induced interstitial lung disease is confirmed by: | Open lung biopsy |
| The organs primarily involved in Goodpasture's syndrome are: | Lung,Kidney |
| Bronchiolitis Obliterans with Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP) has been associated with the following except: | Anemia |
| The respiratory clinical manifestations associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome are based on the clinical scenarios activated by which of the following? | Consolidation, Excessive bronchial secretions, Atelectasis |
| Common noncardiopulmonary manifestations associated with Guillain-Barré is/are: | decreased ability to swallow.,decreased gag reflex.,tingling sensation and numbness,sensory nerve impairment. |
| Although the precise cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is not known, it's probably: | An immune disorder that causes inflammation and deterioration of peripheral nervous system. |
| Which of the following are possible precursors to Guillain-Barre syndrome? | Mumps,Measles,Infectious mononucleosis |
| In Gullian Barre Sydrome, which of the following pathologic changes develop in the perepheral nerves? | inflammation,Demyelination, Edema |
| The diagnosis of Guillain-Barre Syndrome is based on patient's: | Clinical history,Significant signs include paralysis,CSF findings |
| Which one of the following has been shown effective in severe cases of Guillain-Barre Syndrome: | Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) |
| Which of the following is/are common noncardiopulmonary manifestations associated with myasthenia gravis? | Double vision,Weakness of arms and legs,Drooping of upper eyelids,Speech impairment |
| Which of the following is/are used to treat myasthenia gravis? | Prostigmin (neostigmine,Thymectomy,Edrophonium chloride (tensilon) |
| Which of the following is/are associated with myasthenia gravis? | Decreased FEV1, Decreased FVC |
| The cause of Myasthenia Gravis is due to the disruption of the chemical transmission of ACH at neuromuscular junction by; | Blocking the ACH from the receptor sites of the muscular cell,Accelerating the breakdown of ACH |
| The diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis is based on: | Clinical history,Neurological examination,Blood analysis,Edrophonium (Tensilon) test |
| If the patient has Myasthenia Gravis, administration of Tensilon would increase the muscle strength for about: | 10 minutes |
| Weakness of the muscles of the lower portion of the face is associated with myasthenia gravis.t or f? | t |
| Because ventilatory failure is possible patients with Myasthenia Gravis is frequently monitored with the following measurements: | Vital Capacity,Maximum Inspiratory Pressure (MIP),Arterial Blood Gasses (SpO2) |
| Rationale for thymectomy for young adult females with Myastenia Gravis is due to the belief that the thymus gland is the source of: | Anti-ACH antibodies |
| Sleep apnea is diagnosed in patients who have: | More than 5 episodes of apnea per hour over a 6-hour period |
| Non-REM sleep is also called active sleep. t or f? | f |
| Negative-pressure ventilation is contraindicated in obstructive sleep apnea. t or f? | True |
| During periods of sleep apnea, the patient commonly demonstrates an increased heart rate.t or f? | True |
| The O2ER is decreased in sleep apnea. t or f? | False |
| Which of the following cardiac arrhythmias is/are associated with severe sleep apnea? | Atrioventricular block,Sinus bradycardia,Ventricular tachycardia,Premature ventricular contraction,Sinus arrhythmia |
| Which is another name for non-rapid eye movement? | Slow wave sleep,Quiet sleep |
| Pickwickian syndrome is associated with which of the following? | Obstructive sleep apnea,Obesity,Loud snoring |
| Some clinical disorders associated with obstructive sleep apnea are: | Obesity,Enlarged tonsils or adenoids |
| Periods of severe sleep apnea are commonly associated with which of the following: | Premature ventricular contraction,Ventricular tachycardia,Sinus bradycardia |
| Which of the following therapy modalities are therapeutic for central sleep apnea? | Negative pressure ventilation |
| Which of the following is NOT monitored in Polysomnographic monitoring? | Calorimeter to measure the calories used during sleep |
| Which of the following is true about near drowning? | Victim survives a liquid submersion at least temporarily |
| Cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with near drowning victim: | ncreased respiratory rate,increased heart rate,crackles and ronchi , Fluffy infiltrates in chest X-ray |
| Radiogrphic deterioration in a near drowning patient may occur in the first: | 48 to 72 hours |
| Which one of the folowing is not an indication for mechanical ventilation for a near drowning victim? | Atelectasis |
| The indication for mechanical ventilation in a spontaneously breathing patient with smoke inhalation is: | PaO2 of 60 mm Hg or greater with an FiO2 of 50% or lower |
| the hypothermia in a near drowning victim can be corrected by the following except:Continuous nebulized aerosol therapy | |
| Except for the rare instances of steam inhalation, direct thermal injuries usually do not occur below the level of which of the following? | Larynx |
| Thermal injuries to the distal airways results in: | Mucosal edema,Vascular congestion,Obliterative bronchiolitis |
| Organisms commonly cultured in the intermediate stage of burns include: | Staphylococus,Pseudomonas,Klebsiella |
| During the late stage (5 or more days post smoke inhalation) infections resulting from burn wounds may lead to the following: | Sepsis,Multiorgan failure, Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism |
| The prognosis of the fire victims usually is determined by: | The extent and duration of smoke exposure,Size and depth of body surface burn,Pre-existing health status |
| When chest burns are present, the patient's pulmonary condition may be further aggravated by which of the following? | Decreased lung and chest compliance,Increased airway resistance,Immobility, Pain |
| Which of the following is/are the pulmonary related pathologic change(s) associated with smoke inhalation? | pulmonary embolism,Pulmonary edema,Bronchospasm |
| Healing time for a seceond-degree burn is between: | 7 and 21 days |
| Long term effects of smoke inhalation result in restrictive and obstructive lung disorders, a restrictive lung disorder develops from: | Alveolar fibrosis |
| fluid resuscitation w/ ringer's lactate solution is usually initiated according to the parkland formula, which is | 4 ml/kg of body weight for each percent of BSA burned over a 24 hour period. |
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