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AP Comp Gov Unit III
Political and Economic Change
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reform | a type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions |
| Revolution | Implies change at a more basic level, and involves either a major revision or an overthrow of existing institutions |
| Liberalism | Supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution |
| Conservatism | Resistant to change and emphasizes the fact that it sometimes brings unforeseen outcomes |
| Radicalism | Is a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system |
| Coup d’ etats | Generally represents the most limited of the three types of change; literally “blows to the state”, they replace the leadership of a country with new leaders |
| Reactionary Beliefs | They want to turn back the clock to an earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and economic institutions that once existed |
| Competitive Elections | Regular, free, and fair; election offers a real possibility that the incumbent government may be defeated |
| Civil Liberties | Such as freedom of belief, speech, and assembly |
| Neutrality of Judiciary | Courts are free of political considerations and place checks on the abuse of power by other branches |
| Open Civil Society | allows citizens to lead private lives and the media to operate independently from the government |
| Substantive Democracy | Citizens have access to multiple sources of information and the party currently in power can actually be removed from power |
| Procedural (illiberal) Democracy | Democratic procedures in place but have significant restrictions on them, party in power is in no danger of losing power |
| Great Reform Act of 1832 | About 300,000 more English men gained the right to vote, and the House of Commons gained more power in relation to the House of Lords |
| Reform Act of 1867 | The English electorate reached 3,000,000, as many working-class people were given the right to vote |
| Representation of the People Act of 1884 | The English electorate was further expanded so that the majority of the voters were working class |
| Women’s Suffrage | Women are allowed to vote |
| Labour Party | British political party founded in 1906 to represent the rights of the newly-enfranchised working man |
| Trade Union Council | Emerged as a coalition of trade unions that has been a major force in British politics |
| Collective Consensus | After World War II ended in Britain the spirit of cooperation continued well into the 1960s, with both Labour and Conservative parties supporting the development of a modern welfare system |
| Beveridge Report | Provided for a social insurance program that made all citizens eligible for health, unemployment, pensions, and other benefits |
| National Health Service | British universal health care founded in 1948 |
| OPEC | Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries - Oil Cartel |
| Margaret Thatcher | Conservative British Prime Minister that dominated the 1980s and reversed many of the big government initiatives of the 1960s. |
| Neoliberalism | A term that describes the revival of classic liberal values that support low levels of government regulation, taxation, and social expenditures and the protection of individual property rights |
| John Major | British Prime Minister after Margaret Thatcher, he was more moderate than she was |
| Tony Blair’s “Third Way” | A centrist alternative to the old Labour Party on the left and the Conservative Party on the right |
| David Cameron’s “Big Society | One that is energized by grass-roots, volunteers, and private organizations; no longer harnessed by “big government”. |
| Huntington's Four Factors of Democratization | • Loss of legitimacy • Expansion of an urban middle class • “Human rights” • “Snowball” effect |
| Marketization | creation of an economic system in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value |
| Privatization | the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership |
| Decemberist Revolt of 1825 | Russian revolt by frustrated intellectuals , quelled by Nicholas I |
| Zemstvas | Regional assemblies set up by newly freed serfs |
| Bolsheviks | Lenin’s followers, they took control of the Russian government in late 1917 |
| Lenin’s New Economic Policy | Allowed a great deal of private ownership to exist under a centralized leadership |
| Nomenklatura | The process of party members selecting promising recruits from the lower levels for advancement |
| Central Committee | Top Soviet government officials, group of 300 party leaders who meet twice a year |
| Politburo | The heart and soul of the Communist Party; group of about 12 men who ran the country, and their decisions were carried out by government agencies and departments |
| Kulaks | Resistant peasants who usually owned larger farmers; forced to move to cities or labor camps, and untold numbers died due to the government officials |
| Gosplan | Russian Central State Planning Commission |
| Stalinism | the two-pronged program of collectivization and industrialization, carried out by central planning, and executed with force and brutality |
| Khrushchev’s Secret Speech | Khrushchev revealed the existence of a letter written by Lenin before he died that was critical of Stalin, and Khrushchev used it to denounce Stalin’s rules and practices, particularly the purges that he sponsored |
| Destalinization | A soviet program to attempt to undo much of damage done by Stalin's economic and social programs |
| Glasnost | This term translates from the Russian as “openness”, and it allowed more open discussion of political, social, and economic issues as well as open criticism of the government |
| Perestroika | An economic program in the late Soviet Union that transferred many economic powers held by the central government to private hands and the market economy |
| Hegemony | The state of being an unassailable single power |
| Revolution of 1911 | Chinese nationalist revolution led by Sun Yat-sen that was a successful attempt to reestablish China as an independent country |
| Chiang Kai-Shek | Founded the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guamindang) |
| Two Chinas | Both the PRC and the Taiwanese governments claim to be the legitimate government of both nations |
| The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) | An attempt by Mao to destroy the old Chinese culture of hierarchy and inequality |
| The Great Leap Forward (1958-1966) | Communist China's attempt to break away from the Soviet Model of development and make china more egalitarian |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican parish priest led a popular rebellion against Spanish rule In 1810 |
| Benito Juarez | Liberal president; one of Mexico’s greatest heroes; was a military general with a base of support among elites as well |
| Porfirio Diaz | One of Juarez’s generals – staged a military coup in 1876 and instituted himself as the president of Mexico with a promise that he would not serve more than one term - remained dictator for 34 years |
| Cientificos | A group of young technical advisors that believed in bringing in scientific and economic progress to Mexico |
| Emilio Zapata | Mexican caudillo and rebel |
| Pancho Villa | Mexican caudillo and rebel |
| Mexican Constitution of 1917 | Set up a structure for democratic government in Mexico – complete with 3 branches and competitive election (but political assassinations continued into the 1920s) |
| PRI | Institutional Revolutionary Party, dominant political party in Mexican politics |
| Sexanio | Each Mexican president gets one six year term called a sexanio |
| Lazaro Cardenas | Transformational and charismatic Mexican president sometimes called the "Roosevelt of Mexico" |
| Ejidos | Land redistributed from rich landowners and foreigners to peasants |
| PEMEX | A giant government – controlled Mexican oil company |
| Pendulum Theory | The theory that nations move from a desire to reform to a desire to return to tradition, then they move to back to desiring reform. This continues forever. |
| Safavid Empire | Empire in what is now Iran that began in the 16th century and by mid-17th century had successfully converting nearly 90% of their subjects to Shiism |
| People of the Book | Monotheistic people who subjected their lives to holy books similar to the Qur’an |
| Qajars | Turkish group that conquered Iran and retained Shiism as the official state religion |
| Majles | public assemblies in Iran; not only had the authority to make and pass laws but it also controlled cabinet ministers, who reported to the legislature, not the shah |
| Guardian Council | Clerics that had the power to veto any legislation passed by the Majles |
| Tudeh Party | Iranian communist party gained most of its support from working class trade unions and challenged the Shah |
| Muhammad Mosadeq | Led the Iranian National Front party; he influenced many later political leaders; had support from middle-class who emphasized Iranian nationalism |
| Rentier State | Economy is heavily supported by state expenditure, while the state receives rent from other countries |
| Import Substitution Industrialization | Encouraging domestic industries to provide products that the population needed |
| Iranian White Revolution | Redistributed unused land and granted many rights to women |
| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | Fundamentalist leader of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 |
| Jurist’s Guardianship | Originally gave the senior clergy broad authority over unfortunate people in the society, but Khomeini claimed that the true meaning of jurist’s guardianship gives the clergy authority over the entire Shia community |
| Assembly of Religious Experts | A 73-man Iranian assembly of clerics elected directly by the people |
| Ali Khamenei | Current Ayatollah of Iran |
| Sokoto Caliphate | In 1808 the Fulani established a Muslim state that encompassed the entire northwest, north mid-section, and part of the northeast of Nigeria |
| Olusegun Obasanjo | Military dictator of Nigeria, in 1979 willing stood down for a democratically-elected president, Shehu Shagari, but Shagari was forced out of office in 1983 by a military coup led by General Mahammed Buhari |
| National Question | Should Nigeria be one country or several? |
Created by:
M.Brock
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