A & P 1/ Exam #2 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
What is the matrix of cartilage? | contains large amounts of extracellular matrix that is rich in proteoglycan and elastin fibers contains blood vessels |
What is matrix of bone? | intercellular substance of bone tissue consisting of collagen fibers, ground substance, and inorganic bone salts |
Why do intervertebral discs exhibit large amount of strength? | They possess collagen fibers, which allows them to absorb shock |
Characteristics of bone in relationship to composition? | compact and spongy bone bone is composed of calcium, mostly collagen, bone is living, growing tissue 4 cells in bone osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast |
What is stratified squamous epithelial? | many layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells as its surface |
Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.. T or F | True |
Epithelial tissues exhibit apicabasal polarity; meaning that cell regions near apical surface differ from those near the basal surface? T or F | True |
Depending on the functional state of bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium... T or F | True |
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures... T or F | False |
Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement... T or F | False |
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature... T or F | True |
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands... T or F | False |
Cell type not found in areolar | Chondrocytes |
How does Addison's Disease affect the integumentary system? | hypocortosol darkening of the skin in both exposed and non-exposed parts of the body bronzing of the skin |
Dermal papilla | top part-papillary layer of the dermis that is projections of the dermis composed of connective tissue that interwines with epidermal ridges to interlock the epidermis to the dermis |
chondroblasts | within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix |
edema | occurs when areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area |
what are three main components of connective tissue | ground substance, fibers, and cells |
adipose tissue characteristics | nutrient storage insulating layer, help to reduce heat through skin protective function around some of the major organs |
epithelial tissue characteristics | cells are closely packed together one side not in contact with other cells lack blood vessels obtain nourishment through diffusion |
What is the first step in tissue repair? | Inflammation which causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable |
mesenchymal cells | commonly found in embryonic connective tissue adult stem cells traditionally found in the bone marrow important for maintenance and repair of bone |
melanomas | tumors that orginate in the pigment producing melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis often resembles moles |
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage... T or F | True |
The role of brown fat is to warm the body; the role white fat is to store nutrients... T or F | True |
Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.. T or F | False |
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues... T or F | True |
Cartilage tissues tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.. T or F | True |
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.. T or F | True |
Muscle tissue functions | highly cellular and well vascularized posture and body support locomotion heat production |
Tissue types | muscle epithelial connective nervous |
epithelial membrane | consists of a continuous sheet of cells, one or more layers thick, which is attached to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane |
endocrine glands | ductless release chemical substance hormones directly into the bloodstream or tissues of the body |
exocrine glands | release chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or onto another surface within the body |
cell types in areolar connective tissue | loose connective tissue that consists of a meshwork of collagen, elastic tissue , and reticular fibres fibroblast macrophages mast cells white blood cells |
function of pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelial | protection; involved in movement of mucus across surface by ciliary action |
simple columnar | inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus |
hierarchy of organisms | organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere |
What is the nose made of | septum is made of cartilage shape of nose is determined by the ethmoid bone |
glycosaminoglycan | any of a group of compounds occurring chiefly as components of connective tissue ground substance that are able to attract and absorb water negatively charged and hydrophillic complex polysaccharides containing amino groups |
anatomy of the periosteum | consists of the outer fibrous layer and inner cambium layer thick fibrous membrane covering the entire external surface of the bone except for the articular cartilage on the epiphyses |
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structures and function... T or F | True |
Function of the Epiphyseal plate | also called the growth plate, growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents |
Functions of hair plexus | forms a network around a hair follicle and is a receptor sends and receives nerve impulses to and from the brain when the hair moves |
Integumentary system functions | main function is to act like a barrier to protect the body from the outside world retain body fluids, protect against diseases, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temp |
Receptors found in the dermis | nerve fibers sensory nerve touch receptors motor nerve fibers Meissner's corpuscle pacinian corpuscle ruffini corpuscle the hair and root plexus number of free nerve ending types |
Potential life threat situations of third degree burns | involves all 3 layers of the skin carry the most risk of complications like infections shock tetanus hypothermia extent of skin damage can have painful effects for months/years |
Important factors influencing hair growth | age health diet hormones seasonal changes climate trauma, stress and anxiety can also affect growth |
periosteum | a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints |
cell types found in dermis | stratum basale-keratinoctyes stratum spinosum- epidermal dendritic cells stratum granulosum- 3 to 5 layers of keratinoctyes stratum lucidum- only found in thick skin of hands and feet stratum corneum |
Dendritic cells | antigen presenting cells of the mammalian immune system main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system act as messengers between innate and the adaptive immune sys |
What is an osteoid? | unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to maturation of bone tissue |
Do newborns have yellow bone marrow? | No because at birth all bone cavities contain only red marrow and with age more and more will convert to yellow |
What is bone lamella? | part of the osteon that contains collagen fibers mature bone insheets layer of bone connective tissue, forms concentric rings |
How are bones classified? | according to the shape, long- greater in length than width short- length equal to width flat- thin surfaces made for muscle attachment irregular, sesamoid and sutural |
what is Porphyria? | disorders resulting from buildup of certain chemicals related to red blood cell proteins leads to darkening of skin and sensitivity to light |
What are the layers of skin? | epidermis-outermost dermis- contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands subcutaneous- fat and connective tissue |
Characteristics of strata granulosum helps prevent water loss | contains the only cells of the epidermis that can divide via the process of mitosis to bind intermediate keratin filaments together that gives the skin strength and almost waterproof |
How does cartilage grow (2 ways)? | Appositional growth- chondroblasts surround the perichondrium and make new cartilage by secreting matrix Interstitial growth- chondrocytes from within divide and secrete matrix |
What is hematopoiesis? | the production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells |
What bones created by intramembranous ossification process? | bone growth within a membrane-the mesachyme is the source of these bones produces the flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones and a good deal of the clavicles |
chondroblasts | derived from the mesenchymal cells that secrete the major component of the cartilage matrix and turns into chondrocytes ex: the extracellular matrix |
chondrocytes | function mainly in the diffusion of nutrients and other substances and the repair of the matrix when they become less active in producing ECM |
Apocrine sweat glands and their modifications | apical membrane around a portion of glandular cell cytoplasm pinches off and becomes secretions include ciliary glands in the eyelids ceruminous glands-produce ear wax mammary glands-produce milk |
What stimulates secretion of sebum? | androgens such as testosterone excreted by sebaceous gland |
What embryotic layer are fingernails formed of? | derived from epidermal epithelium that formed as epidermis invaginated into the dermis hair and nails both composed of primarily dead keratinized epithelial cells |
What muscle attached to hair follicle for goosebumps? | arrector pili muscles contract and pull the hair erect |
Other than genetic relationship between mother and son, What is onset of male pattern baldness? | the presence of high level testosterone |
Compare and contrast the 2 types of bone formation | intramembranous-form without first being formed into cartilage endochondral-first modeled from hyaline cartilage |
Explain the steps in the healing of bone fractures | Hematoma formation fibrocartilaginous callus formation bony callus formation bone remodeling |
Functions of connective tissues | binding and support protection insulation transportation |
modes of secretion | merocrine-secreted by exocytosis holocrine-secreted by the rupture of gland cells |
layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial | stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum |
adipose connective tissue | similar to areolar with closely packed adipoctyes reserve food stores insulates against heat loss found under skin fat deposits serve nutrients white-fat brown-found in newborns |
reticular connective tissue | loose ground substance with reticular fibers lies in fiber network forms a soft internal skeleton or stroma supports other cell types found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen |
stratified squamous | multiple layers, upper layers of flattened cells |
stratified cuboidal | 2 or more layers, cells as tall as wide |
stratified columnar | 2 or more layers of tall, narrow cells |
transitional | multiple layers of cells that change shape when stretched |
cell types of epidermis | keratinocytes melanocytes langerhans' cells merkel cells |
Primary germ layers of embryo | ectoderm-dorsal and external surfaces of the embryo mesoderm-middle layer endoderm-innermost germ layer when the embryo undergoes shape changes |
dysplasia | abnormal tissue development |
3 major types of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma-least malignant and most common squamous cell carcinoma-scalp, ears and lower lip melanoma-cancer of melanocytes, most dangerous |
melanoma characteristics (ABCD) | asymmetry border color-black, brown, tan, sometimes red diameter- larger 6 mm |
first degree burns | epidermis is damaged localized redness, swelling and pain |
2nd degree burns | epidermis and upper regions of dermis same as first but blisters appear over 25% of the body |
3rd degree burns | entire thickness of the skin burn areas appear gray-white, no initial edema or pain over 10 % of the body |
gangrene | necrosis of the soft tissues of a body part due to diminished or obstructed arterial blood supply to the region |
onychomycosis | fungal infection that occurs in nails constantly exposed to warmth and moisture |
hair growth and replacement | anagen phase-hair bulb are rapiding growing, dividing and transforming to hair catagen phase-brief regression period where cell division ceases and hair follicle undergoes involution telogen phase-where the hair is shed |
psoriasis | chronic autoimmune skin disease that has periods of flare ups and remissions throughout a person's lifetime |
classification of bones | axial skeleton appendicular skeleton |
function of bones | support movement protection mineral storage blood cell formation |
chemical composition of bone (organic) | osteoblasts-bone forming osteocytes-mature bone cells osteoclasts-large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix osteoid-unmineralized bone matrix |
process of endochondral ossification | 1-fetal hyaline cartilage model develops 2-cartilage calcifies and a periosteal bone collar forms 3-1st ossification center forms in the diaphysis 4-2nd ossification centers forms in the epiphyses 5-bone replaces almost all cartilage 6-continues |
growth hormone | stimulates liver to produce the hormone IGF which causes cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate and resulting bone elongation |
thyroid hormone | stimulates bone growth by stimulating metabolic rate of osteoblasts |
calcitonin | promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity |
parathyroid hormone | increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts |
colles fracture | distal end of the lateral forearm bone/dinner fork deformity |
comminuted fracture | bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts |
compound fracture | broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin |
compression fracture | bone is squashed |
greenstick fracture | partial fracture |
pott fracture | distal ends of the fibula and tibia |
transverse fracture | is at right angles to the long axis of the bone |
fracture repair | 1-fracture hematoma forms from the clotted blood 2-fibrocartilaginous callus forms/last 3 weeks 3-hard bony callus forms/continue to grow for several months 4-the bone is remodeled |
skull bones | 22 bones/cranial 8 and facial 14 |
vertebral bones | 26 bones/ cervical 7 thoracic 12 and lumbar 5 sacrum 1 coccyx 1 |
thoracic cage | 25 bones |
cleft lip | incomplete fusion of upper jaw components of the developing embryo, resulting in a split upper lip extending from the mouth to the side of one nostril |
plagiocephaly | asymmetric head shape, where one part of the skull usually frontal or occipital region has an oblique flattening |
sexual dimorphism | human female and male skulls display some obvious differences in general shape and size |
kyphosis | is an exaggerated thoracic curvature that is directed posteriorly producing a hunchback look |
lordosis | exaggerated lumbar curvature, often called swayback, has a protrusion of the abdomen and buttocks |
scoliosis | most common spinal curvature deformity |
sex differences in pelvis | most reliable indicator of sex, primarily the ossa coxae- due to the demands of pregnancy and child birth |
development of skeleton | week 4-upper and lower limb buds form week 5-hand plate forms week 6- digital rays appear in hand plate. foot plate forms week 7-notching develops between digital rays of hand and foot plates week 8- separate fingers and toes formed |
types of muscle tissue | cardiac smooth skeletal |
classification of joints | fibrous-dense regular connective tissue holds together the end of the bones cartilaginous-pad of cartilage is wedged between the end of bones synovial-ends of bones covered in articular cartilage |
fibrous joint | Gomphosis- peridontal hold tooth to bony jaw suture-dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones syndesmosis-dense regular connective tissue fibers between bones |
cartilaginous joint | synchondrosis- hyaline cartilage between bones symphysis- fibrocartilage pad between bones |
synovial joint types | plane joint hinge joint pivot joint condylar joint saddle joint ball and socket joint |
lever | is an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point |
biomechanics | applying mechanical principles to biology |
first class lever | has a fulcrum in the middle, between the effort and the resistance ex: scissors/effort at handle, resistance at cutting end |
second class lever | between the fulcrum and the applied effort ex: wheelbarrow/load weight is resistance, handle is effort |
third class lever | when the effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum ex: tweezers/effort is where hands are placed, resistance is at end |
flexion | movement in an anterior - posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between the bones |
extension | movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones |
abduction | means, "move away", away from the body midline |
adduction | means "move toward" the body midline |
dislocation | a joint injury which the articulating bones have separated, common in the shoulder |
intertrochanteric fracture | femoral neck occur distally to or outside the hip joint capsule fractures are extracapsular |
subcapital fracture | femoral neck occur within the hip articular capsule |
sprain | stretching or tearing of ligaments, without fracture or dislocation of the joint |
pott fracture | foot is overeverted, pulls on the deltoid ligament, very strong and doesn't tear |
arthritis | group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints that occur in various forms |
osteoarthritis | most common type of arthritis chronic degenerative joint condition also known as wear and tear arthritis |
epithelial tissue | protection excretion secretion sensation absorption |
simple epithelial | simple squamous cuboidal epithelial columnar epithelial simple 1 row of cells lining of blood vessels |
compound epithelial | more than 1 row of cells found in stomach and intestine helps with secretion |
layers of epithelial tissue | ectoderm mesoderm endoderm |
osteoporosis | degenerative disease in which bones become weak and brittle reduced mass makes bones weak |
what types of muscles | smooth-hollow organs/stomach, bowel- like blood vessels/walls cardiac-only in heart/ cardiac cells-help heart beat skeletal-attached to tendons or aponorosis-body move |
external oblique | not connected to a tendon but connected to fibrous tissues |
involuntary muscle | smooth and cardiac-slow speed smooth muscles looks like an eye and 1 nuclei cardiac cell has a nuclei and sometimes 2/branched/striated |
voluntary muscle | skeletal-fast speed, has multiple nuclei, straight not branched striated |
simple squamous | single layer of flat cells diffusion, flitration air sacs in lungs |
simple cuboidal | one layer tall as wide absorption and secretion thyroid gland follicles, kidney tubules |
simple columnar | one layer tall and narrow absorption and secretion lining of most digestive tract |
What are striations? | stretch marks- skin is overstretched and some collaged fibers are torn |
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vtlove116
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