a & p Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
proteins | cell structure, energy, hormones, cell surface receptors, etc. |
amino acids | basic unit of proteins |
denaturing | breaking of H bonds resulting in loss of protein conformation and function |
nucleic acids | control cellular activities |
nucleotides | basic units of nucleic acids |
DNA | store information about cell function in molecular code, passed on when cells reproduce |
RNA | help synthesize proteins coded for by DNA |
cells are measured in what unit? | micrometers (1/1000mm) |
nucleus | centrally located, control center of cell |
cytoplasm | surrounds nucleus, area within cell membrane |
cell membrane | surrounds cytoplasm |
organelles | distributed throughout cytoplasm |
cytosol | fluid component of cytoplasm; clear fluid in which cytoplasmic structures are suspended |
cell or plasma membrane | thin, highly flexible, complex surface features. regulates passage of substances into and out of cell. transmits stimulation from outside cell (signal transduction) |
structure of cell or plasma membrane | consists of lipids (including cholesterol) and proteins, some carbohydrates |
lipid bilayer | phospholipids have polar "head" and nonpolar "tail" Head is hydrophilic (attracts water molecules), the nonpolar tail is hydrophobic (repels water molecules) |
fluid mosaic | lipid molecules are free to move sideways (in place of the membrane), forming a thin, stable, liquid film |
permeability | selectively permeable (liquid soluble molecules pass through easily) (water-soluble molecules cannot pass through) |
transmembrane proteins | extend through lipid bilayer, and protrude into both cytoplasm and outside surface of membrane |
peripheral proteins | project from the membrane's outer surface |
integral proteins | span the membrane |
shape classifications | fibrous proteins - tightly coiled, rod-like globular proteins - more compact |
cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) | determines cell interactions with other cells |
carbohydrates | glycoproteins and glycolipids - cell-to-cell recognition, and receptors |
inclusions | temporarily-stored chemicals, such as nutrients or melanin |
cytoskeleton | framework of protein rods and tubules |
ribosomes | site of protein synthesis; found attached to ER membranes and scattered throughout cytoplasm; composed of protein and RNA molecules |
polysomes | clusters of ribosomes in cytoplasm, which can quickly synthesize large amounts of proteins |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
rough endoplasmic reticulum | contains ribosomes; function: synthesize proteins |
smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lacks ribosomes; functions: transports products of rough ER, synthesizes lipids, absorption of fats from digestive tract, metabolism of drugs |
vesicles | Function: membranous sacs which form by pinching off of cell membrane, used for transporting substances within cell |
Golgi apparatus | Function: processing and packing center for proteins and lipids produced in the ER; molecules of glycoproteins (sugars bound to proteins) from ER attach to receptors of Golgi apparatus |
secretory vesicles | bud off outermost end of Golgi apparatus, and travel with altered molecules to cell membrane |
mitochondria | function: produces reactions which release energy (in the formation of ATP) from glucose and other organic molecules |
cristae | folds of inner membrane; contain enzymes which facilitate energy-producing reactions |
lysosomes | Function: contain enzymes capable of breaking down cellular or nutrient material |
peroxisomes | Function: catalyze formation of substances that break down, or digest substances which may be harmful to the cells |
centrosome | consists of 2 centrioles (hollow cylinders) Function: controls chromosome distribution during cell division |
Microfilaments & Microtubules | thin, threadlike processes within the cytoplasm. Functions: cause various types of cellular movement, provide internal structure and strength to cell and parts |
cilia and flagella | motile (moveable) structures which project outward from cell surface. Function: to move cell through environment (flagellum) or move fluids and particles across cell surface (cilia) |
nuclear envelope | (double layered membrane); divides nucleus form the rest of the cell, protein-linked channels called nuclear pores allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus. Function: regulates passage of molecules into and out of nucleus |
Nucleoplasm | fluid within nuclear envelope |
nucleolus | RNA+protein; Function: assists in production of ribosomes |
chromatin | DNA +protein (loosely coiled) Function: direct protein synthesis through information contained in DNA... Strands condense at reproduction phase, chromosomes become visible |
diffusion | spontaneous movement of molecules from region of higher to region of lower concentration |
facilitated diffusion | protein carrier molecules facilitate molecular movement from higher to lower concentrations |
osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration |
osmotic pressure | ability to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water |
hypertonic solution | solute ions more concentrated outside cell membrane: water moves inside to outside |
hypotonic solution | solute ions more concentrated inside cell membrane: water moves outside to inside |
isotonic solution | solute ions equally concentrated outside and inside:no net movement of water |
filtration | molecules forced through membranes by higher pressure on one side |
active transport | movement from lower to higher concentrations |
protein carrier molecules | pumps, change shape when bound to molecule to be carried |
vesicle formation mechanisms | molecules too large to enter by other mechanisms |
endocytosis | bringing substances into cell |
pinocytosis | liquids |
phagocytosis | solids (phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign organisms) |
receptor-mediated endocytosis | protein receptors bind only specific kinds of particles from outside the cell, and move them through the cell membrane... specific particles are called ligands |
exocytosis | expelling substances from cell in a reverse of the process of endocytosis |
transcytosis | combines endo - and exocytosis to transport particles across cells |
checkpoints | events which control the cell cycle |
what is cell cycle regulated by? | hormones, growth factors |
inerphase | large amount of synthetic activity.. several phases.. S phase-DNA replicated, G1 phase - cell undergoes growth, G2 phase when other structures are replicated in preparation for cell division |
Mitosis | meiosis (reduction division) - sex cells only |
mitosis and cytokineses increases what? | cell numbers |
Mitosis phases.. | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
prophase | chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle fibers form |
metaphase | chromosomes line up along midline of cell, spindle fibers attach to centrosomes |
anaphase | chromatids separate, move toward opposite ends of cell |
telophase | chromatids complete movement to ends, nuclear envelope re-forms, nucleoli appear, microtubules disassemble into molecules |
cytokinesis | pinches inward, separating the two newly formed nuclei, and distributing half the organelles into each new cell |
cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) | begins during anaphase; cell membrane starts to constrict down the middle (clevage furrow) |
telomeres | number of cell divisions is under the control of a built-in "clock" at the tips of the chromosomes. shorten with each division, until, the cell no longer divides |
tumors | too frequent or continual mitosis |
benign | remains in place, but grows to interfere with function |
malignant | grows outward, extensions, eventually cells migrate to other areas of the body |
oncogenes | abnormal versions of genes that regulate cell cycle |
inactive tumor suppressor genes | leads to uncontrolled mitosis |
differentiation | the process of cell specialization |
stem cells | cells that retain the ability to divide repeatedly without specialization |
progenitor cell | slightly more specialized than a stem cell |
apoptosis | cell death as a result of normal development rather than injury or disease |
apoptosis steps | rounds up and bulges.. nuclear membrane breaks down.. chromatin condenses.. enzymes chop the chromosomes into small pieces.. cell shatters into membrane-enclosed fragments.. scavenger cells consume and digest the fragments |
anabolism | buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones (growth and repair) |
dehydration synthesis | linking smaller units into larger molecules removes a hydroxyl group (OH) and a hydrogen atom which react to produce water (H2O) |
catabolism | breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones |
hydrolysis | decomposes carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and splits a water molecule in the process often reversible, although enzymes for catabolism are often different from those of anabolism |
activation energy | promote chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed to start the reaction |
catalysis | speed up rates of chemical reactions |
substrate | particular chemical on which enzymes act |
metabolic pathways | sequences of enzyme-controlled reactions |
rate-limiting enzyme | often the first enzyme in a series |
cofactor | nonprotein component |
coenzyme | may be an ion of an element, or a small organic molecule, such as a vitamin |
vitamins | essential organic molecules that cannot be synthesized at all or in sufficient amounts, and must come from the diet |
oxidation | cells release energy from glucose molecules |
what is ATP? | adenosine triphosphate |
what is ADP? | adenosine diphosphate |
glycolysis | occurs in the cytosol, does not require oxygen (anaerobic), produces pyruvic acid |
Created by:
1371661736
Popular Biology sets