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The Urinary System

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the kidneys are the   major excretory organs of the urinary system  
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the kindeys..of...by forming...   cleanse the blood...nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess ions and water, and other unnecessary or undesirable substances...urine  
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the kindeys also maintain   proper chemical composition of the blood and other body fluids  
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the main waste products excreted in urine are   nitrogenous compounts  
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the nitrogenous compounds include   urea, uric acid and creatinine  
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urea is derived from   breakdown of amino acids during normal recycling of body's proteins  
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uric acid is from   turnover of nucleic acids  
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creatinine is formed by the...which is a molecule in   breakdown of creatine phosphate...muscle that stores energy for the manufacture of ATP  
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organs for transporting and storing urine include   ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra  
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ureteres are tubes that carry urine from the   kidneys to the bladder  
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the urinary bladder is a   temporary storage tank for urine  
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the urethra is a tube that carries urine to the   body exterior  
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the kidneys are...that lie in the   red-brown, bean shaped kidneys...superior lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall  
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the right kidney is crowded by the   liver and lies slightly inferior to the left kidney  
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the kidney has a...lateral surface   convex  
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the medial surface of the kidneys are   concave  
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the vertical cleft of the kidneys contain the   renal hilus where vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney  
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layers of the supportive tissue surround each kidney from deep to superficial   renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia, and pararenal fat  
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the renal capsule is also called the...which is made of a...layer of...   fibrous capsule...dense CT...collagen fibers  
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the renal capsule adheres directly to the   kidney's surface  
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the renal capsule maintains the   shape of the kidney  
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the renal capsule forms a   barrier to inhibit the spread of infection  
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the renal capsule provides   mechanical protection  
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the adipose capsule is also called the...and is a layer of...around the kidney which provides   perinephric fat or perirenal fat...fat...cushioning  
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the renal fascia is the...layer formed by the...that extend...through the...   dense outer layer...collagen fibers...outward from inner renal capsule...adipose capsule or perinepheric fat  
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the renal fascia anchors the kidney to   surrounding structures  
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the renal fascia is bound posteriorly to...   deep facia surrounding the muscles of the body wall  
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the renal fascia is anteriorly attached to the   peritoneum and to the anterior renal fascia of the opposite side  
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the pararenal fat separates the   posterior and renal fascia from the body wall  
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2 distinct regions of the kidney tissue include the   renal cortex and the renal medulla  
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the renal cortex is the...layer of the kidney which is in contact with the..   granular and reddish brown outer...renal or fibrous capsule  
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the renal cortex has...that are...   renal columns...inward extensions of the cortex which seperate the adjacent pyramids  
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the renal medulla is the...region of the kidney located internal to the   darker...renal cortex  
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the renal medulla consists of   medullary pyramids  
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the medullary pyramids are distinctly...shaped masses containing   cone or triangular...striations  
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the base of each pyramid faces the   cortex and the tip projects into the renal sinus  
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the renal medulla contains...which are the pyramids'...or...   renal papillae...tips...apices  
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the renal lobe of the renal medulla is the area that contains a...,the overyling area of...and the   renal pyramid...renal cortex...adjacent tissues of the renal columns  
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the renal sinus is a....within the...   large space...medial part of the kidney opening to the exterior through the renal hilus  
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the renal pelvis is a flat...shaped tube that is the...part of the...   funnel...superior ureter  
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the renal pelvis has   branching extensions of two or three major calices  
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the major calices further   branch into minor calices  
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the minor calices are...tubes that enclose the...   smaller cup shaped...the papillae of the pyramids  
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the calices collect...and empty it into the...   urine draining from the papilae...renal pelvis, then into the urethers, and finally into the urinary bladder  
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under normal resting conditions...of the hearts systemic output reaches the kidneys via the   25%...large renal arteries which branch out into the kidney  
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renal arteries in order   renal arteries, segmental arteries, lobar arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferrent arterioles  
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from the afferent arterioles, blood flows into the....   glomerulus, then efferrent arterioles, then peritubular capillaries, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins, inferior vena cava  
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the segmental arteries enter the   renal hilus  
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the interlobar arteries lie in   renal columns between medullary pyramids  
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the arcuate arteries arch over the   base of pyramids  
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the interlobular arteries radiate   outward from the arcuate arteries and supply the cortical tissue and divide the cortical tissue into lobules  
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the glomerulus is a   tuft of capillaries  
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peritubular capillaries contains the   vasa recta which is where blood leaves the renal cortex and drains into interlobular veins  
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what percent of blood entering the kidney perfuses the cortex   90%  
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the veins of the kidneys essentially   trace the pathway of the arteries in reverse, but there are no lobar or segmental veins  
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the nerve supply to the kidneys is provided by the...which is a network of...   renal plexus...autonomic fibers and ganglia on the renal arteries  
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the renal plexus is supplied by...which control the...and influence..   sympathetic fibers...diameters of kidney arteries...urine-forming functions of the urinerferous tubules  
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the uriniferous tubule is comprised of a   nephron and a collecting tubule and blood vessels  
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uriniferous tubule is the main   structural and functional unit of the kidney  
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the nephron is a..structure   urine forming  
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the nephron components include the   renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule  
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the collecting tubule or duct concentrates   urine by removing water form the urine formed in the nephron  
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the collecting tubule is lined by   simple epithelium throughout its length  
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mechanisms of urine production include   filtration, reabsorption and secretion  
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filtration: filtrate of...leaves the kidney...and enters the   blood...capillaries...nephron  
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reabsorption is a...where most of...are reclaimed form the filtrate and returned to the...   passive process..nutrients, water and essential ions...blood of capillaries  
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secretion is an...which moves additional...into the...   active process...undesirable molecules...collecting tubule from the blood of surrounding capillaries  
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the renal corpuscle of the nephron occurs in the...and consists of...   cortex only...glomerulus, flomerular capsule  
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the glomerulus is surrounded by   a glomerular capsule  
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the glomerular capsule of...capsule has a...interior called the...   bowman's...hollow...capsular space  
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the capsular space of the glomerular capsule separtes the   parietal and visceral epithelial layers  
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the vascular pole of the glomerular capsule is the connection between the   parietal and visceral epithelia  
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the glomerular capillaries are connected to the   bloodstream via the afferent and efferent arterioles  
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2 layers of the glomerular capsule   parietal layer and visceral layer  
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the parietal layer is made of...epithelium and contribues to   simple squamous...structure only  
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visceral layer clings to the   glomerulus  
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the visceral layer has...epithelial cells called ...with..called...that surround the glomerular capillaries   unusual, branching...podocytes...interdigitating foot process...pedicels  
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filtrate passes into the..through...   capsular space..filtration slits  
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the glomerular capillaries produce the..that moves through the rest of the uriniferous tubules, forming...   filtrate..urine  
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the filtration membrane or...is the actual...that lies between the   apparatus...filter...blood in the glomerulus and the capsular space  
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the filtration membrane has 3 layers of physical barriers including   fenestrated endothelium, filtration slits, and intervening baement membrane  
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filtration slits of glomerular epithelia each are covered by a   thin slit of diaphragm  
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the intervening basement membrane consists of   fused basal laminae of the endothelium and the podocyte epithelium  
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if the dense layer of filtration membrane encircles two or more capillaries,...cells are situated betwee the   mesangial...endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries  
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the mesangial cells provide   physical support for capillaries  
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the mesangial cells engulf   organic materials that might othwerise clog the dense layer  
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the mesangial cells regulate the...hence they have a role in the regulation of...   diameters of the glomerular capillaries...glomerular blood flow and filtration  
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the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the nephron component that is confined entirely to the   renal cortex  
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the proximal convoluted tubule is most active in   reabsorption and secretion  
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the PCT has...cells with...   cuboidal epithelial cells...luminal surface microvilli  
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the PCT contains increased   number of mitochondria to provide energy for reabsorption  
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the loop of henle has a...limb and a....limb   desencing...ascending  
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the descending limb has a first part that is similar in structure to and is continuous with the   proximal covoluted tubule  
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the 2nd part of the limb is considered the...and is...   thing segment...permeable simple squamous epithelium  
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each limb has a ...and...   thick segment and thin segment  
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the thick segment of the ascending limb begins...and contains...that pump...   deep in the medulla...active transport mechanisms...sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid  
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the thin segment of the ascending is freely...to..but relatively...to..   permeable...water...impermeable...ions and other solutes  
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the DCT is confined to the...and contains   renal cortex...simple cuboidal epithelium  
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the DCT is specialized for   selective secretion and reabsorption of ions  
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the DCT functions in   conserving body fluids  
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classes of nephrons are divided according to   location  
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cortical nephrons make up...of all nephrons and are located   85%....almost entirely within the cortex  
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juxtamedullary nephrons make up...of all nephrons and their renal corpuscles lie   15%...near the cotex-medulla junction  
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the collecting tubules receive   urine from several nephrons and run straight through the cortex into the deep medulla  
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the papillary ducts are made of...and empty into the   adjacent collecting tubules...minor calices through the renal papillae  
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the walls of the collecting tubules consist of...and thicken to become...   simple cuboidal epithelium...simple columnar in papillary ducts  
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the main function of collecting tubules is to   conserve body fluids  
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during water conservation in the collecting tubules   adh is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and increases permeability of the collecting tubules and DCT to water  
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the microscopic blood vessels are associated with the ufiniferious tubules include the   glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta  
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the glomerulus are   high resistance vessels  
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the peritubular capillaries arise from the   efferent arterioles, draining the cortical glomerulus  
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the peritubular capillaries surround the...in the...   uriniferous tubules...interstitial CT of the renal cortex  
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peritubular capillaries are...capillaries adapted for absorption   low-pressure, porous  
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vasa recta are...walled looping vessels that surround the   thin...juxtamedullary nephron  
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the vasa recta runs alongside the   loops of Henle in the deepest part of the renal cortex  
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the vasa recta plays a role in   the kidney's urine-concentrating mechanism  
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juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure that functions in   regulation of blood pressure  
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the juxtaglomeruluar appartaus is the area of specialized contactbetween the   first part of the DCT and the juxtaglomerular cells  
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the first part of the DCT contains...which act as...to monitor...   macula densa cells...chemoreceptors...solute concentration in the filtrate  
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juxtaglomerular cells surround the   afferent and efferent arterioles and act as mechanoreceptors to monitor BP  
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the juxtaglomerular cells secret   renin which increases blood solute concentrate, blood volume and most importantly, increase BP  
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the ureters are...tubes that carry   slender...carry urine from kidneys to the bladder  
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the ureters are a continuation of the   renal pelvis  
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the ureters have 3 basic layers from deep to superficial   mucosa, muscularis, adventitia  
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the mucosa is made of...and...   transitional epithelia...lamina propria  
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muscularis has an inner...layer and an outer...of...   longitudinal...circular...smooth muscle  
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the muscularis has a third layer or...appears in the   external longitudinal...inferior third of the ureter  
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the adventitia is typical   CT  
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the urinary bladder is a...sac that temporarily   collapsible, muscular...stores and expels urine  
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the bladder lies   anterior to the rectum in males and anterior to the vagina and inferior to the urterus in females  
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the bladder has...dimensions depdning on the sate of   vary8ing...distension  
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maximum capacity is typically...of urin in the bladder   1 liter  
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the bladder contains the   posterolateral angles or uretal openings, urachus, inferior angle, trigone  
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the posteroloateral angles or ureteral openings of the bladder are..openinings that receive the   slit-like...ureters  
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the superior surfaces of the urinary bladder are covered by   a layer of peritoneum  
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several peritoneal folds of the ureteral openings assist in   stabilizing the position of the urinary bladder  
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lateral umbilical ligaments pass along the   sides of the bladder and also assist in stabilizing bladder position  
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urachus or...is made of...   median umbilical ligament....fibrous band at the bladder's anterior angle  
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urachua extends from the   anterior and superior border toward the umbilicus  
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urachus contains the   closed remnant of an embryonic tube called allantois  
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the embryonic tube or allantois is a ...   vestige of the umbilical arteries that supply blood to the placenta during embryonic and fetal development  
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the inferior angle or neck of the bladder drains into the   urethra  
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in males, the prostate gland lies   directly inferior to the bladder surrounding the urethra  
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the trigone is a...region on the posterior wall of the..   triangular...bladder interior defined by openings  
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trigone's mucosa lacks   rugae or folds  
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the trigone is..and very...   smooth...thick in apperance  
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the trigone acts as a   funnel that channels urine into the urethra when the bladder contracts  
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the trigone is of special clincal importance because   infections tend to persist in this region  
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there are three layers of the bladder wall incluidng the   mucosa, muscularis and fibrous adventitia  
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the mucosa of the bladder is made of...   transitional epithelium, lamina propria and submucosa  
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the mucosa of bladder lines the   bladder interior  
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the mucosa has...in the mucosal lining that disappear as the...   rugae...bladder stretches and fills with urine  
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the muscularis is...muscle consists of highly...   detrusor...intermingled smooth muscle fibers  
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the smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis of the bladder contains   inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle, middle circular layer, outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle  
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contraction of the detrusor...   compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra  
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fibrous adventitia is the   outer CT layer  
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the fibrous adventitia has a layer of   serosa that covers the superior surface of the urinary bladder  
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the urethra is a thin walled tube that   drains urine from the bladder to the body exterior  
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urethra is comprised of   smooth muscle and an inner mucosa  
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in males, the muscular layer of the urethra becomes   very thin toward the distal end of the urethra  
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the urethra extends from the...of the urinary bladder to the   neck or inferior angle...exterior  
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the male and female urethrae differ in   length and in function  
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the female urethra is...and goes from the   very short...bladder to the vestibule  
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the female urethra has an external   urethral orifice situated near the anterior wall of the vagina  
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the male urethra extends from the   neck of the bladder to the tip of the penis  
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the prostatic urethra passes through the   prostate gland  
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the membranous urethra includes a...that penetrates the   short segment...urogenital diaphragm which is the muscular flood of the pelvic cavity  
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spongy urethra or penile urethra extends from the   distal border of the urogenital diaphragm to the external urethral orifice at the tip of the penis  
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internal urethral sphincter is the...   thickening of the detrusor muscle at the bladder urethra junction  
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involuntary sphincter of smooth muscle that keeps the   urethra closed when urine is not being passed and prevents dribbling of urine between voidings  
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external urethral sphincter surrounds   urethra within the sheet of muscle called urogenital diaphragm and is made of skeletal muscle  
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micturition is the act of   emptying the bladder through the contraction of the detrusor muscle, and is assisted by muscles of the abdominal wall which contract to increase the intra-abdominal pressure  
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urine flows through the renal tubule of the kidney in the following order   glomerular capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct or tubule, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra  
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