Chapter 7 Muscular system
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| What are the three functions of the muscular system? | movement, mobility and heat
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| the muscular system includes the _____ muscles. | skeletal
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| all muscle cells are specialized for _________. | contraction
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| when muscle cells contract, they _____ and _____ a bone to produce movement. | shorten and pull
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| each skeletal muscle is made of __________ of individual muscles cells which can be called ________. | thousands, myocytes
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| another name for myocytes is _______ _______. | muscle fibers
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| muscles are anchored firmly to bones by ______. | tendons
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| most tendons are rope-like, but some are _______. | flat
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| a __________ is the name for a flat tendon. | aponeurosis
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| tendons merge with the _____ that covers the muscle and with the periosteum which is the _________ ____________ tissue membrane that covers a bone. | fascia, fibrous connective tissue
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| origin is the _________ attachment of the muscle. | stationary
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| __________ is the more movable attachment of the muscle. | insertion
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| the two general types of arrangements of the muscles are the _______ anatagonists and the cooperative _______. | opposing, synergists
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| we use antagonistic muscles for muscles that have _______ functions. | opposite
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| ____ is to decrease the angle of a joint. | flexion
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| extension is to ________ the angle of a joint. | increase
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| _______ is laterally raising. | abducting
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| adduction is the movement of a body toward the ______ of the body. | midline
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| what are Range of Motion (ROM) exercises designed for? | to stretch and contract the antagonistic muscles of a joint to preserve as much muscle function and joint mobility as possible.
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| synergistic muscles are those with the ____ function. | same
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| a prime mover is the muscles responsible for the ______ action when a joint is moved. | main
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| the ____ has specific roles in our muscles. | brain
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| the ______ lobes initiate the signal to the muscle in the premotor and motor areas of the cortex. | frontal
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| the cerebellum ________ the movements. | coordinates
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| _______ of the muscle is sensed in the parietal lobes for conscious input. | sensation
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| the _________ is also for subconscious input. | cerebellum
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| muscle tone is slight _________ of muscles that is present _____ of the time. | contraction, most
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| muscle fibers need the energy of __________ __________ (ATP) in order to contract. | adenosine triphosphate
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| good muscle tone improves ________. | coordination
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| thermogenesis is the ______ production from normal muscle metabolism. | heat
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| thermogenesis is due to ________ reactions and _____. | chemical, friction
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| there are two general types of muscle exercise. what are they? | isotonic exercise and isometric exercise.
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| what is isotonic excercise? | muscles contract and bring about movement
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| there are two kinds of isotonic contraction. what are they? | concentric contraction and eccentric contraction
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| isometric exercises involve contraction __________ movement. | without
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| another name for muscle sense is _____________. | proprioception
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| muscle sense is the brains awareness of the position of the _____ and the ______. | muscle, joint
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| within all muscles are __________ called stretch receptors. | stretch
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| the general function of all sensory receptors is to _______ movement. | detect
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| the secondary energy sources for muscle contraction are creatine phosphate and _________. | glycogen
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| sometimes creatine can be converted to _______. | creatonine
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| _______ is the most abundant energy source. | glycogen
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| glycogen is broken down into glucose which goes through cellular _________. | respiration
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| ________ ________ is glucose + O2 - CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat | cellular respiration
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| O2 sources are ________ and _________. | hemoglobin and myoglobin
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| Hemoglobin carries O2 in the ______ (RBC's) | blood
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| myoglobin carries O2 in the _______. | muscle
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| myglobin makes the muscle ___ (color) | red
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| oxygen ____ is when O2 need is greater than the supply. | debt
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| _____ is the deficiency of O2. | hypoxia
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| glucose is converted into lactic acid in _________ respiration. | anaerobic
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| lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid in the _______. | liver
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| __________ ___________ _________ is breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid. | recovery oxygen intake
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| muscle fiber is a ________ structure. | microscopic
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| _______ is the motor nerve ending at each muscle fiber junction. | neuromuscular
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| there is one neuromuscluar per ______. | fiber
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| the axon _______ is the enlarged tip of the motor neuron . | terminal
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| ________ is a chemical neurotransmitter released at neuromuscluar junctions. | acetylcholine
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| the membrane of the muscle fiber is the _______ which contains receptor sites for acetylcholine. | sarcolemma
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| cholinesterase is an _________. | inactivator
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| the _______ is the space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma. | synapse
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| __________ are linear arrangements of sarcomeres within a muscle fiber | myofibril
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| thick filaments are made mainly of the protein ______. | myosin
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| titin is the protein in sarcomeres that ________ myosin filaments to the Z lines. | anchors
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| troponin and __________ are inhibitory proteins that prevents contraction when relaxed/ | tropomyosin
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| the _________ reticulum is the ER muscle of the cell. | sarcoplasmic
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| the sarcoplasmic reticulum ______ calcium ions. | stores
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| ACh causes _______ impulse in the sarcolemma. | electrical
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| _____ filament mechanism is when actin filaments pull against myosin filaments. | sliding
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| at rest, a sarcolemma is _________. | polarized
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| sarcolemma depolarization is when ACh bonds to ACh _______. | receptors
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| T ________ are channels that carry out the ction potential to the inner parts of the cell. | tubules
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| sarcolemma _________ is resetting the action potential. | repolarization
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| inversion is ________ the foot/ankle medially. | tilting
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| _______ is tilting the foot/ankle laterally. | eversion
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| supination is rotating the palm __. | up
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| ________ is rotating the palm down. | pronation
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| ___________ _________ is side bending. | lateral flexion
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| internal rotation is rotating around a _______. | joint
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| circumduction is moving in a circular motion without _________. | rotation
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| ________ is bringing a part toward the midline. | retraction
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| protraction is bringing a part toward the midline or __________. | posteriorly
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| _______ is decreasing angle of ankle joint. | dorsiflexion
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| ______ flexion is increasing angle of ankle joint. | plantar
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