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nha exam review

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Question
Answer
endocardium   endothelial layer-inner  
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myocardium   muscle-middle  
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epicardium   fibrous-outer-coronary arteries are found here  
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carrys o2 blood   aorta, arteries, arterioles  
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carrys deox blood back to heart   veunules, veins, sup and inf vena cava  
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capillaries   composed of only a layer of endothelial cells, connects arterioles and venules.  
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capillary blood mix   arterial and venous  
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avg adult blood   5-6 liters  
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plasma   55%  
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plasma contains....   proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, minerals, vitamins, h20 and urea (waste)  
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% of formed elements of blood   45%  
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where do blood cells originate   stem cells in bone marrow  
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contain hemoglobin   erythrocytes  
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How many RBC?   4.2 - 6.2 million  
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life span of rbc   120 days  
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how many WBC?   5,000 - 10,000  
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leukocytosis   increase in WBC's~infection and leukemia  
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leukopenia   decrease in wbc~viral infection or chemo  
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first wbc on scene   neutrophils  
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most numerous wbc   neutrophil  
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neutrophils~phagocytic   engulf or digest bacteria~increase in bacterial  
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2d most numerous wbc   lymphocyte~viral~immunity  
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largest wbc   monocyte  
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monocyte %   3-8%  
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monocytes that pass into tissue   macrophage to powerfull phagocytes  
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monocytes   # increases in intracellular infectionc and TB  
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eosinophils %   1-3%  
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eosinophils   active against anti-body foreign molecules  
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eosinophils increased in....   allergies, skin and parasitic infections  
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basophil %   0-1%  
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basophils carry...   histamine  
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thrombocytes are aka...   platelets  
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avg # of platelets   140,000 to 440,000  
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platelets life span   9-12 days  
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what are platelets essential for?   blood coagulation  
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hemostasis   blood vessels are repaired after injury  
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4 stages of hemostasis   vascular~platelet~coagulation~fibrinolysis  
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only vein palpated in obese pt?   cephalic~2d choice vein~moves  
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basilic   last choice of vein~near the brachial artery  
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tortous vein   winding or crooked veins  
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vacutainer needle size   1" to 1.5"  
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butterfly gauge and length   23~1/2 to 3/4"  
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syringe ML   10 - 20  
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Hematoma   blood accumulates in the tissue around the vein  
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hemoconcentration   increased proportion of formed elements to plasma caused by the tourniquete left on to long.  
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phlebitis   inflammation of the vein  
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petechiae   tiny non raised red spots that appear on the skin from rupturing capillaries (tourniquete left on to long)  
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thrombus   blood clot~insufficient pressure after needle is removed  
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thrombophlebitis   inflammation of a vein with formation of a clot  
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septicemia   systemic infection~presence of pathogenic organism during venipuncture  
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trauma   injury to underlying tissue caused by probing the needle  
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edema   accumulation of fluid in tissues  
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fistula   permanent surgical connection between an artery and a vein. (never use for venipuncture)  
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timed specimen   used to monitor the level of a substance or condition in a pt  
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two-hour postprandial test   used for DM  
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Oral glucose tolerance test   used to diagnose DM  
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OGTT hours...   0700 - 0900  
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trough   lowest blood level  
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Blood cultures   used to detect m/o in pt's blood  
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adult lancet range   3.0  
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infant lancet range   0.85 (do not exceed 2.0)  
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capillary order of draw   lavender~tubes w/other additives, tubes with no additives  
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most common specimen analyzed?   whole blood  
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liver profile   ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, and Bilubrin  
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coronary risk profile   cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL  
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culture and sensitivity test (C&S)   detect and identify m/o and determine the most effective antibiotic  
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medical asepsis   destruction of pathogenic m/o after they leave the body  
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