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Terminology,abbrevs etc.

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Question
Answer
Afferent   Carry or move inward or toward a central structure  
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CNS   Central Nervous System; network of nervous tissue found in the brain & spinal cord  
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Efferent   Carry or move away from a central structure  
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Ventricle   Chamber or cavity of an organ that receives or holds a fluid  
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PNS   Peripheral Nervous System; All nervous tissue located outside of the spinal column & skull. Consists of 12pairs of cranial nerves&31pairs of spinal nerves.Subdivided into Somatic&Autonomic nervous system.  
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Nervous system consists of 2 main divisions they are   Central nervous system & Peripheral nervous system  
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The brain has 4 major structures they are   Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brainstem  
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Cerebrum   Largest & uppermost part of the brain.Used for sensory perception,interpretation,language,memory,voluntary movement&emotional aspects of behaviour.Consisting of 2 hemispheres divided by a deep longitudinal fissure or groove.  
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Corpus Callosum   joins the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum together, permitting communication between the right & left sides of the brain.  
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5 lobes   Frontal,Parietal,temporal,Occipital & Insula  
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Gyri   Numerous folds or convolutions on the cerebral surface  
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Sulci   Separates the Gyri by furrows or fissures  
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Cerebral Cortex   A thin layer that covers the entire cerebrum and is compose of gray matter.  
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Cerebellum   Second largest structure.All functions of the cerebellum involve movement. Also aids in maintaining equilibrium and balance.  
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Diencephalon   also called interbrain. Composed of many smaller structures,including Thalamus & Hypothalamus.  
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Thalamus   receives all sensory stimuli except olfactory & processes & transmits them to the appropriate centers in the cerebral cortex. receives impulses from the cerebrum & relays them to efferent nerves.  
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Hypothalamus   regulates activities of the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)including impulses that regulate heartbeat,body temp & fluid balance. Also controls many endocrine functions  
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Brainstem   composed of 3 major structures;Midbrain(Mesencephalon),Medulla,Pons.Pathway for impulse conduction between brain&spinal cord. Origin of 10outof 12 pairs of cranial nerves.Controls respirations,blood pressure&heart rate. Sometimes called the Primary brain.  
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Midbrain(Mesencephalon)   Separates the cerebrum from the brainstem  
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Medulla   Attaches to the spinal cord  
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Pons   connecting the midbrain to the medulla.  
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Spinal Cord   transmits sensory impulses from the body to the brain&motor impulses from the brain to muscles&organs of the body.Within the spinal cavity of the vertebral column.  
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Ascending tracts   Sensory nerve tracts. Direction of impulse is UPWARD.  
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Descending tracts   Motor nerve tracts. Carry impulses in a downward direction to muscles and organs  
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Meninges   Protection for the spinal cord. Dura Mater(outermost covering;brain&spinal cord),Arachnoid(Middle covering),Pia Mater(innermost layer)  
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Dura Mater   Outermost covering of the brain&spinal cord. Tough, fibrous,dense&composed primarily of connective tissue.Due to thickness also called;Pachymeninges.Beneath is a cavity called the subdural space which is filled with serous fluid.  
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Arachnoid   Middle covering. Spider web appearance.Acts as shock absorber. fits loosely over the underlying structures.  
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Subarachnoid space   has cerebrospinal fluid that has protein,glucose,urea,salts&some white blood cells. provides nutritive substances for central nervous system&adds additional protection for the brain&spinal cord.  
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Pia Mater   Innermost covering. Directly adheres to the brain&spinal cord.As it passes over the brain it follows the contours of Gyri&Sulci. Contains blood vessels&lymphatics that nourish the underlying tissues. Pia+Arachnoid=Leptomeninges because they are so thin.  
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)   Nerve fibers that transmit sensory info to the brain&spinal cord&nerve fibers that transmit impulses from brain&spinal cord to muscles under conscious or voluntary control such as those for walking & talking.  
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)   Nerves that control involuntary movement;digestion,heart contraction&vasoconstriction. Also regulates secretions by glands.Subdivided into Sympathetic&Parasympathetic divisions.  
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Sympathetic ANS   generally produces responses evident in 'fightorflight' situations. responds when immediate action is required. Blood flow increases in skeletal muscles to prepare an individual to either fight or retreat.  
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Parasympathetic ANS   Generally responds when immediate action is not required or threatening situation subsides.  
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Cranial Nerves   originate at the base of the brain&emerge through openings in the base of the skull.May be sensory,motor or mixture of both.  
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Sensory Nerves   Afferent. Receive impulses from the sense organs, eyes,ears,nose,tongue&skin & transmits them to the CNS  
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Motor Nerves   Conduct impulses to muscles & glands. Some cranial nerves are composed of both sensory&motor fibers (mixed nerves ex.facial nerve)  
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Spinal Nerve   Emerge from the intervertabral spaces in the spinal column&exit from the spinal canal between the vertebrae&extend to various parts of the body.Each with2points of attachment to the spinal cord. All 31pairs of spinal nerves are mixed nerves.  
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Anterior(Ventral) Root   Contains motor fibers. This root & the Posterior(Dorsal) Root unite to form the spinal nerve that has both afferent&efferent qualities.  
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Posterior(Dorsal) Root   Contains sensory fibers. This root and the Anterior(Ventral) Root unite to form the spinal nerve that has both afferent&efferent qualities.  
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cerebr/o   Cerebrum  
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Crani/o   Cranium (skull)  
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Dendr/o   Tree  
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Encephal/o   Brain  
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Gangli/o   Ganglion  
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Gli/o   Glue;Neuroglia tissue  
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Kinesi/o   Movement  
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Lept/o   Thin,Slender  
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Lex/o   word,phrase  
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Mening/o OR Meningi/o   Meninges  
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Myel/o   Bone marrow;spinal cord  
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Narc/o   Stupor;numbness;sleep  
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Neur/o   Nerve  
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Radicul/o   Nerve Root  
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Sthen/o   Strength  
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Thalam/o   Thalamus  
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Thec/o   Sheath  
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Ton/o   Tension  
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Ventricul/o   Ventricle  
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-algesia   pain  
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-algia   pain  
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-asthenia   Weakness,debility  
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-esthesia   feeling  
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-kinesia   Movement  
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-lepsy   seizure  
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-paresis   partial paralysis  
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-phasia   Speech  
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-plegia   Paralysis  
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-taxia   Order,Coordination  
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pachy-   Thick  
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para-   Near,Beside,Beyond  
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Syn-   Union,Together,Joined  
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Uni-   One  
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AD   Alzheimer Disease  
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ADHD   Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder  
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ICP   Intracranial Pressure  
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LOC   Loss Of Consciousness  
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ALS   Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis  
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LP   Lumbar Pressure  
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ANS   Autonomic Nervous System  
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MRA   Magnetic Resonance Angiogram  
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BEAM   Brain Electrical Activity Mapping  
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MRI   Magnetic Resonance Imaging  
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CNS   Central Nervous System  
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MS   Multiple Sclerosis  
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CP   Cerebral Palsy  
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NCV   Nerve Conduction Velocity  
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CSF   Cerebrospinal Fluid  
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PET   Positron Emission Tomography  
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CT   Computed Tomography  
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PNS   Peripheral Nervous System  
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CVA   Cerebrovascular Accident  
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SNS   Sympathetic Nervous System  
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EEG   Ectroencephalography  
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TIA   Transient Ischemic Attack  
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EMG   Electromyography  
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Agnosia   Inability to comprehend auditory,visual,spatial sensations  
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Herpes Zoster   Painful,acute infectious disease; aka shingles  
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Trephination   Circular opening cut into the skull to relieve pressure  
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Asthenia   Weakness,debility or loss of strength  
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Aura   Premonitory awareness of an approaching disorder  
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Neurosis   Non-psychotic mental illness  
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T4   4th thoracic vertebrae  
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C1   1st Cervical vertebrae  
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