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Exam 2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What is mycology?   The study of fungi  
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What are characteristics of the three major groups of fungi?   Yeasts—unicellular; Molds—form aerial and vegetative hyphae; Mushrooms—fleshy fungi  
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What are lichens?   Molds in symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic organisms  
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What are hyphae?   Long, branched, tubular filaments in the thalli of molds  
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What is the difference between vegetative and aerial hyphae?   Vegetative hyphae are in physical contact with whatever the fungi is feeding on; Aerial hyphae produce asexual spores  
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What are mycelium?   Tangled mass of hyphae  
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How do fungi differ from bacteria?   fungi have spores  
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Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?   Eukaryotes  
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Describe their metabolism.   Metabolize organic matter  
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Are fungi plants?   No  
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What is the major component of fungi cell walls?   chitin  
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Are fungi pathogenic for man? Animals? Plants?   Man-100 yes; Animals-100 yes; Plants-most yes  
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Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually. Name five types of asexual spores.   Arthrospores; Chlamydospores; Sporangiospores; Conidiospores; Blastospores  
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How are fungi classified?   By their spores  
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In what three divisions do we classify fungi?   Zygomycota; Ascomycota; Basidiomycota  
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What are some characteristics of the Fungi Imperfecti?   Pathogens; Dimorphic—yeast and mold stages  
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What is a dimorphic fungus?   A fungus with yeast and mold stages  
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How are fungi beneficial to us?   Cancer drugs, beer, bread, citric acid, antibiotics, bioremediation  
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How are fungi beneficial to plants?   Help them grow  
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Where do we normally find Candida albicans?   Normal flora mucous membranes  
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Under what circumstances will this yeast (Candida albicans) cause infection?   Causes infection after antibiotic therapy that kills normal flora  
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What is thrush?   yeast infection of the mucus membrane lining of the mouth and tongue  
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Describe Cryptococcus neoformans.   yeast  
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What symptoms/conditions are associated with Cryptococcus infection?   Pneumonia, meningitis, some skin lesions  
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How do we diagnose infections with this yeast (Cryptococcus neoformans)?   Capsule diagnostic in spinal fluid  
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How do we become infected with Cryptococcus neoformans?   Spores inhaled from pigeon droppings and dust  
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Name three ways that molds cause disease.   Allergic reaction; Toxins; Infect tissue  
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Name three molds that produce toxins.   Aspergillus flavus; Claviceps purpurea; Stachybotrys chartarum  
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What foods are likely to contain these toxins when produced?   Gains, peanuts, peanut butter  
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Which toxin is carcinogenic?   aflatoxins  
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Which toxin produces symptoms similar to LSD exposure?   ergot  
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Which toxin produces chemicals used to treat migraine headaches and stimulate labor contractions for pregnant women?   ergot  
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Which toxin may be associated with sick-building syndrome?   satratoxins  
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What is the difference between superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic mycotic infections?   Superficial—outermost layers of skin and hair; Subcutaneous—dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and fascia; Systemic—organ systems  
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Describe the diseases caused by Tricophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton.   Tinea infections—“ringworm”; Hair loss, red skin, blisters, rash or scaly rings; Contagious  
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How do they break down skin, nails, and hair?   Use keratin as a nutrient source  
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What organism causes rose thorn disease?   Sporothrix schenkii  
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What is the proper name of the rose thorn disease?   Sporotrichosis  
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Who is likely to get infected with this fungus?   Gardeners and people who work with wood are common victims  
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Name three dimorphic fungi that cause similar diseases.   Coccidioides immitis; Histoplasma capsulatum; Blastomyces dermatiditis  
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In what geographic area is each usually found?   Coccidioides immitis—Southwestern U.S. (Arizona); Histoplasma capsulatum—Ohio/Mississippi River Valley; Blastomyces dermatiditis—Canada, Great Lakes, Midwest, Southeastern U.S.  
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Most people are infected by these fungi by inhaling their spores. Which one causes infection by entering through cuts and abrasions?   Blastomyces dermatiditis  
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Describe at least six ways to diagnose fungal infections.   Grow on media; Wet preps; Stains; Woods lamp; Serology; X-ray; Biopsy; DNA Probes  
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