anatomy and function
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| The innominate artery is a branch of the? | Aortic Arch
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| When the external iliac artery passes underneath this structure, it becomes the common femoral artery | Inguinal Ligament
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| This artery passes forward above the interosseious membrane and distally comes to lie on the front of the tibia? | Anterior Tibial Artery
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| Tunica intima refers to what arterial wall? | The Inner Layer
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| The three branches of the aortic arch are? | Right Innominate,Left Common Carotid,Left Subclavian
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| Which lower extremity arteries are palpable? | Popliteal, Femoral, Posterior Tibial, Anterior Tibial
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| According to Bernoulli what is true about pressure/velocity relationship? | Pressure is lower at the region of stenosis,velocity and pressure are inversely related
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| What are some causes of vasodilatation of a high resistance bed? | Body heating, exercise, stenosis
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| A 75% area reduction equates to a | 50% diameter reduction
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| What are some characteristics of a post-stenotic turbulence? | Bi-directional flow, spectral broadening is present,energy heat loss
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| Excercise induces peripheral vasodilatation in the microcirculation which: | decreases the distal peripheral resistance
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| What are some characteristics of claudication? | Pain in muscle during exercise,pain usually subsides after rest
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| What readings do you expect with analog recordings? | Low velocities are overestimated, less sensitive than spectral analysis, noisy
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| What will analog recordings NOT do? | Display amplitude of all frequencies
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| Utilizing Duplex Scanning, the criteria for determination of a 50-99% diameter reduction of the femoral artery is? | Ratio of stenotic to pre-stenoic PSV(peak systolic velocity) is greater than 2:1
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| A high resistance blood flow pattern is normally found in what arteries? | ECA, Ao, Iliac, Subclavian, Fast SMA, extremity arteries
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| Primary Raynaud's occurs when? | Ischemia is due to distal arterial spasm
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| The most important differential diagnostic parameter for pseudoaneurysm is? | Communication tract between artery and aneurysm
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| A patient presenting with ischemic rest pain complains of? | Foot pain when supine, relieved by standing
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| Waveforms as the result of Raynaud's phenomena have this "unique" characteristic: | Peaked
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| The most common site of stenosis or occlusion of the hemodialysis access graft is? | Outflow Vein
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| The Adson maneuver is performed for the assessment of? | Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
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| What are some common complications of arteriography? | Puncture site hematoma, Pseudo-aneurysm, Local artery occlusion
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| Ballon angioplasty is more commonly used in what lower extremity arties? | Femoral Artery, Popliteal Artery, Iliac Artery
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| An ABI of .65 places the patient into the category of? | Claudication
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| The Allen Test is most often utilized to assess patency of what vessels? | Radial artery, Ulnar artery, Palmer Arch
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| Vasculogenic impotence can be caused by the blockage of what arteries? | Abdominal, Common Iliac, Internal Iliac
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| What are characteristcs of an abnormal plethysmorgraphic waveform? | Slow upstroke, rounded peak, prolonged downslope, no dicrotic notch
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| The toe pressure should be what % of the ankle pressure: | 60 to 80%
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| What is one difference between a CW Doppler and a PW Doppler? | CW Doppler cannot sample flow at a discrete point
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| Differentiate the cervical carotid ICA from the ECA. | ICA has no branches in the neck,ICA has a bulbous area at its origin, usually larger than ECA,usually lateral to midline, ICA has low resistance waveform w/more diastolic flow
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| The ICA distributes blood to what arteries? | Brain, Eyes, Nose
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| The ECA branches into what arteries? | ascending pharyngeal,facial,occipital
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| The verterbral arteries arise from which vessels? | Subclavian
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| The circle of Willis is composed of what arteries? | Verterbral, Basilar, terminal branches of ICA,Anterior Cerebral Artery, Middle Cerebral Artery, Posterior Cerebral Artery,Anterior and Posterior Communicating Arteries,
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| The major branches of the ophthalmic artery that exit the orbit are? | Supraorbital, Frontal, Nasal
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| Bernoulli's principle explains which phenomenon of the carotid bulb: | Areas of flow separation
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| A symptom of a CVA is? | Aphasia for 72 hours
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| The ICA flow differs from ECA flow in what way? | ICA has less peripheral resistance than the ECA
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| In a carotid duplex exam, what is the most frequent reason for under-estimation of the amount of stenosis? | Improper placement of the sample volume
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| The criteria used for correct vessel identification in a TCD is? | Depth of the sample volume, the direction of flow, the velocity of flow
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| The acoustic windows providing access to the intracranial vessels in TCD are? | Transorbital, transtemporal, transforaminal
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| Which artery is not routinely evaluated in a TCD exam? | Posterior communicating
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| In a TCD exam, what is the normal direction of flow in the middle cerebral artery? | Antegrade= blood flowing forward, away from the heart
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| Utilizing duplex scanning, the criteria for determining a 80-99% diameter reduction of the ICA is | Peak >125cm/sec, End >140cm/sec
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| Autoregulation | Arterioles assist with regulating blood flow thru contraction and relaxation(varying the degree of resistance)
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| What are the three layers of the arteries? | Intima, Media, Adventitia
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| Intima | Innermost layer in contact with blood, made of an endothelial lining
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| Media | middle layer, muscle, elastic connective tissue, consists of smooth muscle cells
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| Adventitia(external) | outer layer of supporting connective tissue-provides significant portion of total strength to the arterial wall, contains the vasa vasorum
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| Vasa Vasorum | located in the adventitia layer, are tiny vessels that carry blood to the walls of the arteries themselves
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| What is the first major branch of the aortic arch? | Innominate(Brachiocephalic) Artery
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| The Innominate Artery divides into what arteries? | Right Common Carotid and right subclavian
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| The right subclavian artery divides into what artery? | Right vertebral
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| The left subclavian artery divides into what artery? | Left vertebral
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| Branches of the Abdominal Aorta are: | Celiac Artery,Superior mesenteric artery(SMA),Renal Arteries,Inferior mesenteric artery(IMA),Terminal branches
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| Celiac artery(CA) | located below diaphragm,branches into left gastric artery, splenic artery and common hepatic artery, supplies stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum and spleen
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| Superior mesenteric artery(SMA) | located one cm distal to the celiac artery, supplies the small intestine, cecum, parts of colon, can be a common trunk with the celiac artery
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| Renal arteries | located below the SMA, supply blood to the kidneys, suprarenal glands and ureters, multiple renal arteries are not uncommon
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| Inferior mesenteric artery(IMA) | located about 3-4cm above bifurcation, supplies transverse colon,descending colon and part of the rectum
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| Terminal branches | is where the abdominal aorta terminates(approximately at umbilicus) and bifurcates into right and left common iliac arteries, which branches into external and internal iliac arteries
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| Internal iliac arteries/hypogastric artery | goes inward and begins the blood supply to the reproduction organs
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| External iliac arteries | travels along the medial side of the Psoas major muscle, continues the progression of blood to the lower extremities
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| Lower extremity arteries | Usually have a higher pulse amplitude than the Aorta, Common femoral,Profunda femoral,Femoral, Popliteal,Anterior tibial,Posterior tibial,Peroneal,Dorsalis Pedis
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| Common Femoral Artery | when the external iliac passes by the injuinal ligament(bind of hip)it becomes the common femoral artery, continues into proximal thigh, can be palpated
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| Profunda femoral Artery(Deep femoral artery) | is a branch of the common femoral artery
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| Femoral Artery(superficial femoral artery) | is a continuation of femoral artery after the profunda, located distal thigh, dives deeper into the leg in the adductor canal
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| Adductor Canal/Hiatus/Hunter's Canal | The most common site of atherosclerosis in the lower extremity(bend of the leg, behind knee)
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| Popliteal Artery | located behind the knee, can be palpated, divides three ways(anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal arteries)below the popliteal fossa
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| Anterior Tibial Artery(ATA) | is a branch of the popliteal artery, passes above the interosseious membrane and distally comes to lie on the front of the tibia, can be palpated
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| Tibio-peroneal trunk | bifurcates into the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries
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| Posterior Tibial Artery(PTA) | runs behind the bone, terminates at the foot,slightly behind and below the medial maleotus(inner ankle bone), can be palpated
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| Peroneal Artery | moves thru deep muscle on the posterolateral aspect of calf, CANNOT be palpated
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| Dorsalis Pedis Artery(DPA) | when ATA enters foot become DPA, branches to deep plantar artery, plantar arch, lateral plantar artery
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| Upper Extremity Arteries | Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Digital
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| Subclavin Artery | crosses under the clavicle and over the first rib, most difficult upper extremity artery to visualize, becomes axillary artery
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| Axillary Artery | located deep in axillary fat pad(armpit),axillary becomes brachial artery after crossing the teres major muscle
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| Brachial Artery | lies in a groove between the biceps and tricep muscles, associated w/two veins,becomes the radial and ulnar artery at the elbow joint
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| Profunda Brachii(deep brachial artery) | is a branch off the brachial artery and is a major source of collateral flow around the elbow
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| Radial Artery | is on the thumb side of forearm
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| Ulnar Artery | is on the pinky side of the forearm
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| Digital Artery | include the deep palmer arch and the superficial palmar arch and they supply blood to the hand
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| Claudication | leg pain, ache, cramp - brought on by exercise and relieved by rest, usually due to ischemia but not always vascular in origin, pain is usually 12-15 inches distal to the site of stenosis
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| Most common site of claudication? | Calf, can occur in buttock, thigh, foot, arms if subclavin blocked
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| Ischemic rest pain | nocturnal pain that is severe and involves the foot distal to the metatarsals(digits and dorsum of foot),can be relieved by hanging feet off the bed or standing-gravity helps, has to be regular pain to truly be ischemic rest pain,occur when horizontal
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| Signs of damage from lack of blood flow? | dry/scaly skin, thickened nails, rubor(redness),coolness of skin, hair loss, ulcers, gangrene
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| Aneurysm | bulging of the wall of a vein or artery, due to a thinning or weakening by disease or congenital abnormality, cause unknown,
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| Dissecting Aneurysm | small tear in the intima allows blood to form a cavity between the two wall layers, often occurs in the thoracic aorta, can occur consequent to HTN or sever chest trauma
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| Pseudoaneurysm | Defect in the main artery wall-blood creates a channel of communication from the main artery to a pulsatile structure outside the vessel walls,ALWAYS has a neck,fairly common complication of cardiac cath,always a artery,treated w/thrombin or compression
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| 6 P's of Arterial Disease | Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Pressure, Polar sensation, Paralysis-loss of power of movement
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| Most common location for aneurysm is: | Infrarenal Aorta
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| Which vessels provide flow to low resistance vascular beds? | ICA, non-fasting SMA and Renal,vertebral, hepatic, splenic, celiac
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| Which vessels provide flow to high resistance vascular beds? | ECA, Aorta,fasting SMA and Femoral Artery, Iliac, Subclavian, extremity arteries
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| Piseuille's Law | Volume flow(Q)= Pressure(P)/Resistance(R), increase resistance=decreased flow, pressure and flow are inversely related, when Velocity increases Pressure decreases, Velocity decreases Pressure Increases
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| According to the Bernoulli principle Pressure is? | Lower in an area of high velocity such as a stenosis, When pressure decreases, flow increases: lower the pressure in a hurrican,faster the velocity of the wind
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| Post stenotic turbulence | flow is disturbed,may be bidirectional,spectral broadening is present, disturbed flow will return to normal(relaminarize) after the stenosis
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| A diameter reduction of 50% = A cross sectional area reduction of | 75%
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| Hemodynamically significant stenosis | causes a notable reduction in volume flow and pressure, a ratio of stenotic to prestenotic PSV greater than 2:1
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| Primary Raynaud's Disease | Intermittent pallor, cyanosis and rubor that is caused soley by digital arterial spasm, brought on by cold exposure,chemicals(nicotine), emotion or trauma, cold challenge test is helpfull in identifying
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| Secondary Raynaud's Disease | pressence of cold sensitivity complicated by fixed arterial obstruction, associated with underlying autoimmune disease or connective tissue disease such as scleroderma, characterized by abnormal doppler waveforms
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| Adson Maneuver | positioning the arm at 90 degree angle to torso with the head turned toward arm being tested and away from the arm being tested
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| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | intermittent pain, numbness or weakness of arm related to a position(repetitive motion above the head),caused by compression of artery or nerve by the anterior scalene muscle, clavicle, rib or congenital muscular anomaly
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| What is the Adson maneuver used to evaluate? | Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
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| Angioplasty | is the mechanical, hydraulic dilation of a narrowed or totally obstructed arterial lumen
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| Toe pressure should be what percentage of the ankle pressure? | 60 to 80%
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| Vasculogenic impotence | blockage of any artery in the supply chain to the hypogastric artery(internal iliac artery)
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| Allen Test | evaluates the integrity of the palmar arch, radial and ulnar arteries
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| What are the characteristics of an abnormal plethysmographic waveform? | initial loss of the dicrotic notch w/minimal to mild disease, increased severity proximal to the sample site causes systolic upstroke delays, amplitude reduction and rounded systolic peaks.
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| Embolism | Obstuction of vessel by foreign substance or blood clot, can be solid,liquid or gas,majority originate from the heart,most common underlying causes are Afib, MI w/mural thrombi
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| Thromboembolism | embolism of thrombus or blood clot
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| Cholesterol embolism | often from atherosclerotic plaque inside a vessel
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| Fat embolism | embolism of bone fracture or fat droplets
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| Air/Gas embolism | air bubbles
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| Septic embolism | pus-containing bacteria
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| Tissue embolism | small fragments of tissue
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| Foreign body embolism | foreign materials such as talc and other samll objects
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| Amniotic fluid embolism | amniotic fluid
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| Vasodilation | Enlargement of vessel lumen due to relaxing of the muscular vessel walls
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| Resistance | Opposition to flow of current in electricity and blood in the vascular system
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| High resistence | is pulsatile,tri or bi-phasic,characteristic flow reversals in diastole, ECA, Aorta, Iliac, Subclavian, Fasting-SMA, extremity arteries
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| Low resistence | is continuous throughout systole and diastole feeding a dilated vascular bed, ICA, renal, vertebral, hepatic, splenic, celiac,non-fasting SMA
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| Bernoulli's Principle | Pressure is lower in an area of high velocity such as a stenosis
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| Flow seperation | occur because of a geometry change w/wo intraluminal disease and because of curves in the vessel-results in regions w/stagnant or little movement, ex: graft anastomosis site, carotid bifurcation
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| What happens to blood flow in the presence of a stenosis? | at entrance of stenosis there is an increase in doppler shift frequency=spectral broadening & elevated velocities,flow abnormality or turbulent flow immediately past the stenosis,flow accelerates thru the stenosis,normalizes 3cm distal stenosis
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| Spectral Broadening | Filling in of the window or "clear area" in the spectral analysis, caused by: doppler gain set to high,doppler angle is incorrect,sample volume size is to large, sample volume is placed incorrectly,turbulent flow
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| Continuous Wave(CW) | information is obtained at all points along a single scan line. CANNOT sample flow at a set point
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| Pulsed Wave(PW) | Samples at a set location, must be parallel to flow, most accurate angle is 0 degrees, angle of less than 60 degrees is acceptable most prefer 45 to 60 degrees
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| Reynold's number | is unitless, reynold's number=average flow speed X tube diameter X density, interpreted as:less than 1500=laminar flow,1500 to 2300=indeterminate, above 2300=turbulent flow
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| What has the most dramatic effect on blood flow? | Vessel Diameter or Radius
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| Factors effecting resistance to flow | Viscosity, Vessel Diameter,Vessel Length, Inertial energy loss
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| Flow is dependent on | The physical properties of the blood and the properties of the vessel it's moving through
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| Complications of Arteriography | Puncture site hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, local artery occlusion
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| What is the most common site of stenosis or occlusion of the hemodialysis access graft? | Outflow Vein
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| What ABI puts a patient in the range of claudication? | .2 to 1.0 at rest
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| What information is gathered from doppler pressure evaluation? | presence or absence of peripheral arterial disease
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| What is difficult to interpret by the doppler pressure evaluation? | The presence of multilevel disease
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| What is the unique waveform characteristic of Raynaud's phenomena? | peaked
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| Distinguish ICA from ECA | ICA has no branches in the neck, is usually more lateral,is bulbous at it's origin, usually larger in diamerer,has a low resistance waveform w/more diastolic flow
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| What structures are fed by the ICA? | Eye and Brain
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| What structures are fed by the ECA? | Face, neck, thyroid and scalp
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| Name the branches of the ECA | ascending pharyngeal,facial, occipital
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| Symptoms of a CVA | TIA, amuarosis fugax, hemiparesis, dysarthria, aphasia
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| How long do symptoms of a CVA last? | More than 72 hours
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| Transient Ischemic Attack(TIA) | ischemic neurological deficit that lasts less than 24 hours
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| Amuarosis fugax | transient partial or complete loss of vision in one eye
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| Hemiparesis | unilateral partial or complete paralysis
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| Dysarthria | difficulty with speech
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| Aphasia | inability to communicate (speech,writting)
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| Which part of the brain is effected by the right ICA? | right hemisphere
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| Which part of the brain is effected by the left ICA? | left hemisphere
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| What is the difference in the ICA and ECA flow? | The ECA has a high resistance waveform with less diastolic flow, ICA has low resistance waveform with more diastolic flow
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| What can cause overestimation of stenosis in carotids? | accelerated flow may be compensatroy for contralateral disease, turbulent flow may be from tortuous vessel, artifact may be mistaken for plaque
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| What is the most frequent reason for underestimation of stenosis? | improper placement of the sample volume
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| Stenosis Criteria of a 80 to 99% diameter of the ICA is seen with | PSV > 125cm/sec & EDV > 140cm/sec
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| In what plane do you compress the vein | transverse
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| Why is heparin given to a patient with DVT? | keeps thrombus from forming in another area
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| What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery? | supra orbital, frontal, nasal
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| Name the acoustic windows for TCD | Transtemporal, transorbital, suboccipital
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| Which vessels are evaluated in a TCD? | MCA, ACA, PCA, terminal ICA, anterior and posterior communicating arteries from the transtemporal window,ICA siphon and ophthalmic from transorbital, verterbral and basilar from suboccipital
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| Normal direction of flow in the MCA is | laterally towards the temporal bone,towards transducer,above baseline
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| Normal direction of flow in the ACA is | medially towards the midbrain,away from transducer and below baseline
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| Normal direction of flow in the PCA is | P1-towards transducer,P2-away from transducer
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| Upper extremity venous duplex doppler signal is | more pulsatile, flow increases during inspiration, and the vessels are sometimes non-compressable even when normal
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| In a carotid duplex exam, overestimation of a stenosis occurs because of what? | Accelerated flow may be compensatory for contralateral disease, turbulent flow may be from tortuous vessel, artifact is mistaken for plaque
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| Which vessel is not a deep vein of the lower extremity? | Greater saphenous vein
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| What is the most important function of the venous sinuses of the lower legs? | To serve as a reservoir
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| What is the most important criteria in identification of the deep veins? | Adjacent artery
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| The confluence of the axillary and cephalic veins form which vessel? | subclavian
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| The return of venous flow from the legs to the heart is assisted by the following mechanisms. | venous valves, calf muscle pump, expiration
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| The three main risk factors for DVT(Virchow's Triad) are. | Trauma, Hypercoagulability, Venous stasis
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| In utilizing PPG to evaluate venous insufficiency, the criteria for determining incompetence of the superficial system is | A venous refill time < 20 seconds
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| In venous duplex scanning for DVT, list the characteristics that are of diagnostic value. | Augmentation with distal compression, wall compressibility, echogenicity of the lumen
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| List characteristics of an acute DVT. | Dilated vessel, Poor attachement to wall, Spongy texture
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| In venous duplex scanning, what is the preferred method of evaluating vein wall compressibility? | Gentle pressure with the probe, vessel in transverse view
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| In transverse view, color-flow doppler shows no filling of the popliteal vein, what factors must be considered? | DVT, Poor angle of insonation, Highpass filter set to high
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| Normal findings in a venous duplex scan of the arms that differ from those of the legs include what? | doppler signals may be more pulsatile, flow increases during inspiration, more limited vessel compressibility
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| The most common sequelae(complication) of DVT is | Valvular destruction
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| Why is heparin given to a patient with an acute DVT? | Decreases propagation
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| Extrinsic compression of the celiac artery is caused by the | Median arcuate ligament
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| Patient presents with crampy, dull abdominal pain immediately after meals. What vessel would be evaluated noninvasively? | SMA
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| What characteristics of diagnostic value are found in venous duplex scanning for DVT? | augmentation with distal compression, wall compressibility, echogenicity of the lumen
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| What characteristics are found with an acute DVT? | dilated vessel, poor attachment to wall, spongy texture
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| In utilizing PPG to evaluate venous insufficiency, the criteria for determinging incompetence of the superficial system is | a venous refill time of <20 seceonds
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| The three main risk factors for DVT(Virchow's Triad) are? | trauma, hypercoagulability, venous stasis
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| What is the most important criteria in identification of the deep veins? | adjacent artery
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| The return of venous flow from the legs to the heart is assisted by what mechanisms? | venous valves, calf muscle pump, expiration
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| The deep veins of the upper extremity are? | ulnar, radial, subclavian
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| The deep and superficial venous systems are connected at what sites? | groin saphenofemoral junction, popliteal fossa saphenopopliteal junction, ankle perforators
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| A deep venous thrombosis could lead to what complications | pulmonary embolism, venous insufficiency, venous hypertension
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| Is the greater saphenous a deep vein of the lower extremity? | no
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| Extrinsic compression of the celiac artery is caused by the | median arcuate ligament
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| Patient presents with crampy, dull abdominal pain immediately after meals. What vessel would be evaluated noninvasively | SMA
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| A high resistance blood flow pattern is normally found in | ECA, femoral artery, fasting SMA
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| Name the branches of the ophthamlic artery | supraorbital, frontal, nasal
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| Name the acoustic windows for TCD | transtemporal, transorbital, suboccipital
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| Normal direction of flow in the MCA | laterally towards the temporal bone,antegrade
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| Normal direction of flow in the ACA | medially towards the midbrain
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| Normal direction of flow in the PCA | P1 toward, P2 away
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| When the external iliac artery passes underneath this structure, it becomes the common femoral artery | Inguinal ligament
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| This artery passes forward above the interosseious membrane and distally comes to lie on the front of the tibia | anterior tibial artery
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| Tunica intima refers to what arterial wall | the inner layer
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| Which vessels is not palpable? | peroneal
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| What arteries provide flow to high resistant vascular beds? | ICA, vertebral, renal, non-fasting SMA, hepatic ,MCA
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| Does the Aorta normally have a lower pulse amplitude? | yes
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| According to Bernoulli what is NOT true about pressure/velocity relationships? | pressure is higher at the region of stenosis
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| Extrinsic compression of celiac artery is caused by the | median arcuate ligament
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| What causes vasodilatation of the high resistance bed? | body heating, exercise, stenosis
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| 75% area reduction equates to a | 50% diameter reduction
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| What are the characteristics of post-stenotic turbulence | Bi-directional, spectral broadening
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| Excercise induces peripheral vasodilatation in the microcirculation which | decreases the distal peripheral resistance
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| What are the characteristics of claudication | pain in muscle during exercise, pain usually subsides after rest
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| "primary Raynauds's" occurs when | ischemia is due to distal arterial spasm
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| Most important differential diagnostic parameter for pseudoaneurysm | communication tract between artery and aneurysm
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| Characteristic high resistance signal | triphasic, pulsatile, reverse component biphasic
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| Characteristic recordings of analog | less sensitive than spectral analysis, low velocities are overestimated, noisy
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| A patient presenting with ischemic rest pain complains of | foot pain when supine, relieved by standing
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| What can be determined by the doppler pressure evaluation | can be difficult to interpret in the presence of multilevel disease
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| An ABI of .65 places the patient into the category of | claudication
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| The Allen test is most often utilized to assess patency of what vessels? | radial artery, ulnar artery, palmar arch
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| Vasculogenic impotence can be caused by | common iliac artery occlusion internal iliac artery stenosis aortic occlusion
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| Characteristics of an abnormal plethysmographic waveform | slow upstroke, rounded peak, prolonged downslope
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| Toe pressure should be what % of the ankle pressure? | 60% - 80%
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| Waveforms as the result of Raynaud's phenomena have this unique characteristic | peaked
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| Most common site of stenosis or occlusion of the hemodialysis access graft is | outflow vein
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| using duplex scanning, criteria for determination of a 50% - 99% diamter reduction of the femoral artery is | ratio of stenotic to pre-stenotic, PSV is greater than 2:1
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| A high resistance blood flow pattern is normally found in the | ECA, femoral artery, fasting SMA
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| Adson maneuver is performed for the assessment of | thoracic outlet syndrome
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| Most common complications to arteriography | puncture site hematoma, pseudo-aneurysm, local artery occlusion
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| Balloon agioplasty is more commonly used in what arteries? | femoral, popliteal, iliac
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| Bernoulli's principle explains which phenomenon of the carotid bulb | areas of flow seperation
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| According to Poiseuill's law, what has the most dramatic effect on blood flow | radius of the vessel
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| As blood flows thru a stenosis what occurs | flow accelerates thru stenosis, turbulent flow is evident,laminar flow resumes downstream from the stenosis
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| What are the contraindications for OPG-Gee | allergies to local anesthetics, eye surgery within last 6 months, a past spontaneous, retinal detachment
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| What does spectral broadening usually represent | turbulent flow
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| The ICA distributes blood to | brain, eyes ,nose
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| ECA branches into what arteries | ascending pharyngeal, facial, occipital
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| Vertebral arteries arise from the | subclavian
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| A symptom of a CVA is | aphasia for 72 hours
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| The cause of a right hemispheric infarct may be: | right ICA occlusion
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| In a carotid duplex exam, overestimation of a stenosis occurs because of what | accelerated flow may be compensatory for contralateral disease turbulent flow may be from tortuous vessel artifact is mistaken for plaque
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