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Science Final

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
most logical explanation; big bang theory   theory  
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the experimenter controls or decides what happens   controlled  
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the group that does not have an independent variable   control group  
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group that contains the variable   experimental group  
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factor the experimenter changes or tests   independent variable  
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factor that changes because of the independent variable   dependent variable  
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factor that stays the same for all groups in an experiment   constant  
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standard system of measurement used by scientists all around the world   metric system  
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difference between 2 points ; meter ; m ; meter stick   length  
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amount of space an object takes up ; liter ; L ; graduated cylinder   volume  
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amount of matter in an object ; gram ; g ; triple-beam balance   mass  
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amount of heat energy a substance has ; celcius ; c ; thermometer   temperature  
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d=m/v   density=mass/volume  
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solid, liquid, gas, plasma   phases of matter  
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solid that has particles that are arranged in a regular, repeating patter   crystalline solid  
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when a substance undergoes a change in one of its physical properties, but remains the same kind of substance   physical change  
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a. relationship between volume and pressure b. volume ^ = pressure v   Boyle's Law  
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a. relationship between temperature of a gas and its volume b. temperature ^ = volume ^   Charles's Law  
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a. PV=nRT b. Boyle's + Charles's Law   Ideal Law  
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characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance ex. color,shape,volume,density,texture   physical property  
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describes how a substance changes into other new substances ex. flammability   chemical property  
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when a substance undergoes a change in one of its physical properties, but remains the same kind of substance ex. cutting a paper   physical change  
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chemically combining different substances to make a new substance ex. fireworks exploding   chemical change  
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2 different types of homogeneous mixtures   colloid & solution  
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a. particles are mixed, but not dissolved b. particles will not separate c. appears cloudy ex. milk, toothpaste   colloid  
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2+ substances in a single physical state   solution  
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metal solutions ; solids dissolved in solids ex. brass=copper+zinc   alloy  
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matter consisting of 2+ substances mixed together, but do not chemically combine   mixture  
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a. do not combine b. keep most of their properties c. can be separated by physical means   3 main properties of mixtures  
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a. "least-mixed" b. doesn't look the same throughout the mixture ex. concrete   heterogeneous mixture  
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a. "well-mixed" b. looks the same throughout the mixture ex. milk   homogeneous mixture  
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smallest part of an element that has all the properties of an element   atom  
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particles that are smaller than an atom   subatomic particles  
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proton, neutron, electron   3 main subatomic particles  
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large, heavy particles (+)   proton  
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large, heavy particles (0)   neutron  
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tiny, light particles (-)   electron  
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center of an atom   nucleus  
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wave that surrounds the nucleus of an atom   electron cloud  
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most likely location in an electron cloud in which an electron can be found   energy levels  
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the # of protons in an atom   atomic number  
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in a neutral atom, # protons = # electrons (true/false)   true  
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the # of protons + neutrons in an atom   mass number  
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average of the masses of the existing isotopes of an element   atomic mass  
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2 atoms with different #s of neutrons   isotopes  
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particle that makes up all other known particles in the nucleus of an atom   quark  
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can either attract or repel the particles on which it acts   electromagnetic force  
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opposes the electromagnetic force of repulsion between protons   strong force  
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responsible for radioactive decay   weak force  
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the force of attraction exerted between all objects in nature   gravity  
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1.strong force 2.electromagnetic force 3.weak force 4.gravity   strongest -> weakest force in the atom  
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number of valance electrons increases/decreases form left -> right on the periodic table   increases  
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energy to remove an electron increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table   increases  
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size of the atom increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table   decreases  
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size of the atom increases/decreases from top -> bottom on the periodic table   increases  
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metallic properties increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table   decreases  
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(family) vertical column on periodic table, tells # of valence electrons   group  
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horizontal row on periodic table, tells # of energy levels   period  
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a. left side of table b. luster (shiny) c. good conductors d. high density e. high melting point f. ductile g. malleable h. lose electrons i. corrosion- wearing away due to chemicals   metal properties  
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a. right side of periodic table b. dull c. poor conductors d. low density e. low melting point f. not ductile g. not malleable h. gain electrons i. brittle   non-metal properties  
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elements that have properties of metals + non-metals ; elements on step line   metalloid  
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a. white + shiny b. good conductors c. very reactive d. most active metals   Alkali Metals  
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a. 2 valence electrons b. never found in nature as uncombined elements   Alkaline Earth Metals  
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a. good conductors of heat + electricity b. lose electrons c. fairly reactive d. 1/2 valence electrons   transition metals  
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a. 3 valence electrons b. composed of metals and metalloids   boron family  
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a. 4 valence electrons b. composed of metals, non-metals, and metalloids   carbon family  
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a. 5 valence electrons b. metals, non-metals, and metalloids   nitrogen family  
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a. 6 valence electrons b. non-metals + metalloids   oxygen family  
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a. 7 valence electrons b. react with all alkali metals easily   halogen family  
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a. rare + found in small amounts b. normally unreactive but will be combined chemically under certain conditions   noble gases  
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a. lanthanoid series (1)- soft, malleable, high luster, conductivity b. actinoid series (2)- radioactive Th + U = only elements that occur in any extent in nature c. 2 rows at bottom of periodic table   rare-earth elements  
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the combining of atoms of elements to form new substances   chemical bonding  
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electron in outside energy level   valence electron (e-)  
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bonding that requires the transfer of electrons   ionic bonding  
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a charged atom   ion  
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the process of removing electrons + forming ions   ionization  
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the tendency of an atom to attract electrons   electron affinity  
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regular, repeating arrangement   crystal lattice  
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bonding in which electrons are shared rather than transferred   covalent bonding  
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chemists represent the electron sharing that takes place in a covalent bond   electron-dot diagram  
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2 atoms covalently bonded (same element)   diatomic element  
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the combination of atoms formed by a covalent bond   molecule  
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covalent substances whose molecules are very large because the atoms involved continue to bond with one another (have high melting points)   network solid  
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a group of covalently bonded atoms that acts like a single atom when combining with other atoms   polyatomic ion  
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process in which substances undergo physical and chemical changes as they change into new substances with new physical and chemical properties   chemical reaction  
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shorthand way of representing a chemical reaction   chemical equation  
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atoms can not be created nor destroyed in a reaction   law of conservation  
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mass of reactants = __________   mass of products  
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combination of chemical symbols used to represent a compound   chemical formula  
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number written in front of the chemical formula that tells the number of molecules of the compound   coefficient  
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number written to the lower right of the chemical symbol that tells the number of atoms of that element   subscript  
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coefficient X subscript   counting atoms  
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# of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are not equal   unbalanced equation  
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# of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are equal   balanced equation  
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combining 2+ simple substances to form a single more complex substance (2 things form 1)   synthesis  
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a complex substance is broken down into 2+ simpler substances (1 thing forms 2)   decomposition  
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a single, uncombined element replaces an element that is part of a compound   single replacement  
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elements in 2 different compounds replace eachother, 2 elements switch compounds   double replacement  
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energy is taken in by the reacting substances   endothermic reaction  
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energy is released by the reacting substances   exothermic reaction  
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energy needed to begin a chemical reaction   activation energy  
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study of the rates of chemical reactions; how quickly reactants change into products   kinetics  
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the rate of a _____ is affected by 4 factors: concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts   reaction  
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substance that increases the rate of a reaction, but is not changed in the reaction   catalyst  
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background or object that motion is compared to; most common is earth   frame of reference  
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a change in position in a certain amount of time   motion  
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rate at which an object moves   speed  
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speed that does not change over time   constant speed  
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total distance moved divided by the total time elapsed (d/t=?)   average speed  
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speed given in direction   velocity  
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the difference of the final speed and the initial speed   change in speed  
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rate of change in velocity   acceleration  
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determines how difficult it is to stop an object's motion   momentum  
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mass X velocity = ?   momentum  
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a push or a pull   force (Newtons)  
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equal forces being applied in opposite directions, no change in motion and no acceleration   balanced forces  
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unequal forces being applied in different directions, causes change in motion and acceleration   unbalanced forces  
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force that opposes the motion of an object   friction  
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when 2 solid surfaces rub together   sliding friction  
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created by wheels and ball bearings   rolling friction  
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caused by liquids or gases   fluid friction  
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substance used to decrease friction   lubricant  
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objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest remain at rest...unless acted upon by an outside force   newton's first law  
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property of matter that tends to resist any change in motion   inertia  
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force equals mass X acceleration   newton's second law  
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for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction   newton's third law  
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region of space with no air resistance   vacuum  
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an instrument that makes work easier   machine  
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work that goes into a machine   work input  
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work done by the machine   work output  
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comparison of work output to work input   efficiency  
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a force acting through a distance   work  
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the rate at which work is done, or the amount of work per unit time   power  
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force applied to a machine   effort force  
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force that machine tries to over come   resistance force  
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a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point   lever  
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pivot point of a lever   fulcrum  
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ex. seesaw   1st class lever  
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ex. door   2nd class lever  
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ex. tweezer   3rd class lever  
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a simple machine consisting of a large wheel rigidly secured to a smaller wheel or shaft called an axel   wheel and axel  
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rope or belt wrapped around a grooved wheel   pulley  
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pulley that does not rise/fall with the load being moved   fixed pulley  
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pulley that rises/falls with the load being moved   movable pulley  
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an even sloping surface   inclined plane  
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a modified inclined plane used to either seperate/hold devices   wedge  
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modified inclined plane with the threads of the screw as a type of circular ramp   screw  
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ability to do work   energy (joules)  
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energy associated with motion   mechanical  
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energy involved with the motion of the atoms of matter   heat energy  
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energy that exists in the bonds that hold atoms together   chemical energy  
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energy associated with moving charges   electromagnetic energy  
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energy from the fusing or splitting of the nuclei of atoms   nuclear energy  
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energy that a moving object has due to its motion   kinetic energy  
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energy of position; stored energy   potential energy  
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potential energy that depends on height above the Earth's surface   gravitational potential energy  
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changes in the form of energy   energy conversion  
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flow of charge   electric current  
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potential difference   voltage  
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increases voltage   step-up generator  
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decreases voltage   step-down generator  
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discovered relation between electricity and magnetism e->m   Hans Oersted  
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found out electricity could be produced from magnetism m->e   Michael Faraday  
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device with magnetic materials within its coils   electromagnet  
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process by which current is produced by changing the magnetic field   electromagnetic induction  
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long coil of wire that acts like a magnet when current flows through it   solenoid  
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device that uses electromagnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy   motor  
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device that uses electromagnets to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy   generator  
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traveling disturbance that carries energy from one place to another   wave  
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movement that follows the same path over and over again   vibration  
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wave that disturbs a medium   mechanical wave  
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wave that consists of electromagnetic field and doesn't require a medium to exist   electromagnetic wave  
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wave in which the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction of a wave   transverse wave  
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wave in which motion of medium is parallel to the wave   longitudinal wave  
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the # of waves produced in a given amount of time   frequency  
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waves per second   hertz  
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amount of energy carried by a wave in a certain amount of time   intensity  
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current produced in a wire   induced current  
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