Science Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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most logical explanation; big bang theory | theory
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the experimenter controls or decides what happens | controlled
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the group that does not have an independent variable | control group
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group that contains the variable | experimental group
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factor the experimenter changes or tests | independent variable
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factor that changes because of the independent variable | dependent variable
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factor that stays the same for all groups in an experiment | constant
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standard system of measurement used by scientists all around the world | metric system
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difference between 2 points ; meter ; m ; meter stick | length
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amount of space an object takes up ; liter ; L ; graduated cylinder | volume
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amount of matter in an object ; gram ; g ; triple-beam balance | mass
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amount of heat energy a substance has ; celcius ; c ; thermometer | temperature
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d=m/v | density=mass/volume
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solid, liquid, gas, plasma | phases of matter
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solid that has particles that are arranged in a regular, repeating patter | crystalline solid
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when a substance undergoes a change in one of its physical properties, but remains the same kind of substance | physical change
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a. relationship between volume and pressure b. volume ^ = pressure v | Boyle's Law
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a. relationship between temperature of a gas and its volume b. temperature ^ = volume ^ | Charles's Law
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a. PV=nRT b. Boyle's + Charles's Law | Ideal Law
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characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance ex. color,shape,volume,density,texture | physical property
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describes how a substance changes into other new substances ex. flammability | chemical property
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when a substance undergoes a change in one of its physical properties, but remains the same kind of substance ex. cutting a paper | physical change
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chemically combining different substances to make a new substance ex. fireworks exploding | chemical change
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2 different types of homogeneous mixtures | colloid & solution
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a. particles are mixed, but not dissolved b. particles will not separate c. appears cloudy ex. milk, toothpaste | colloid
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2+ substances in a single physical state | solution
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metal solutions ; solids dissolved in solids ex. brass=copper+zinc | alloy
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matter consisting of 2+ substances mixed together, but do not chemically combine | mixture
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a. do not combine b. keep most of their properties c. can be separated by physical means | 3 main properties of mixtures
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a. "least-mixed" b. doesn't look the same throughout the mixture ex. concrete | heterogeneous mixture
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a. "well-mixed" b. looks the same throughout the mixture ex. milk | homogeneous mixture
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smallest part of an element that has all the properties of an element | atom
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particles that are smaller than an atom | subatomic particles
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proton, neutron, electron | 3 main subatomic particles
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large, heavy particles (+) | proton
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large, heavy particles (0) | neutron
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tiny, light particles (-) | electron
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center of an atom | nucleus
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wave that surrounds the nucleus of an atom | electron cloud
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most likely location in an electron cloud in which an electron can be found | energy levels
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the # of protons in an atom | atomic number
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in a neutral atom, # protons = # electrons (true/false) | true
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the # of protons + neutrons in an atom | mass number
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average of the masses of the existing isotopes of an element | atomic mass
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2 atoms with different #s of neutrons | isotopes
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particle that makes up all other known particles in the nucleus of an atom | quark
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can either attract or repel the particles on which it acts | electromagnetic force
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opposes the electromagnetic force of repulsion between protons | strong force
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responsible for radioactive decay | weak force
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the force of attraction exerted between all objects in nature | gravity
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1.strong force 2.electromagnetic force 3.weak force 4.gravity | strongest -> weakest force in the atom
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number of valance electrons increases/decreases form left -> right on the periodic table | increases
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energy to remove an electron increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table | increases
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size of the atom increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table | decreases
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size of the atom increases/decreases from top -> bottom on the periodic table | increases
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metallic properties increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table | decreases
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(family) vertical column on periodic table, tells # of valence electrons | group
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horizontal row on periodic table, tells # of energy levels | period
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a. left side of table b. luster (shiny) c. good conductors d. high density e. high melting point f. ductile g. malleable h. lose electrons i. corrosion- wearing away due to chemicals | metal properties
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a. right side of periodic table b. dull c. poor conductors d. low density e. low melting point f. not ductile g. not malleable h. gain electrons i. brittle | non-metal properties
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elements that have properties of metals + non-metals ; elements on step line | metalloid
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a. white + shiny b. good conductors c. very reactive d. most active metals | Alkali Metals
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a. 2 valence electrons b. never found in nature as uncombined elements | Alkaline Earth Metals
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a. good conductors of heat + electricity b. lose electrons c. fairly reactive d. 1/2 valence electrons | transition metals
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a. 3 valence electrons b. composed of metals and metalloids | boron family
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a. 4 valence electrons b. composed of metals, non-metals, and metalloids | carbon family
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a. 5 valence electrons b. metals, non-metals, and metalloids | nitrogen family
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a. 6 valence electrons b. non-metals + metalloids | oxygen family
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a. 7 valence electrons b. react with all alkali metals easily | halogen family
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a. rare + found in small amounts b. normally unreactive but will be combined chemically under certain conditions | noble gases
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a. lanthanoid series (1)- soft, malleable, high luster, conductivity b. actinoid series (2)- radioactive Th + U = only elements that occur in any extent in nature c. 2 rows at bottom of periodic table | rare-earth elements
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the combining of atoms of elements to form new substances | chemical bonding
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electron in outside energy level | valence electron (e-)
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bonding that requires the transfer of electrons | ionic bonding
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a charged atom | ion
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the process of removing electrons + forming ions | ionization
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the tendency of an atom to attract electrons | electron affinity
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regular, repeating arrangement | crystal lattice
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bonding in which electrons are shared rather than transferred | covalent bonding
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chemists represent the electron sharing that takes place in a covalent bond | electron-dot diagram
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2 atoms covalently bonded (same element) | diatomic element
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the combination of atoms formed by a covalent bond | molecule
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covalent substances whose molecules are very large because the atoms involved continue to bond with one another (have high melting points) | network solid
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a group of covalently bonded atoms that acts like a single atom when combining with other atoms | polyatomic ion
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process in which substances undergo physical and chemical changes as they change into new substances with new physical and chemical properties | chemical reaction
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shorthand way of representing a chemical reaction | chemical equation
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atoms can not be created nor destroyed in a reaction | law of conservation
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mass of reactants = __________ | mass of products
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combination of chemical symbols used to represent a compound | chemical formula
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number written in front of the chemical formula that tells the number of molecules of the compound | coefficient
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number written to the lower right of the chemical symbol that tells the number of atoms of that element | subscript
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coefficient X subscript | counting atoms
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# of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are not equal | unbalanced equation
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# of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are equal | balanced equation
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combining 2+ simple substances to form a single more complex substance (2 things form 1) | synthesis
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a complex substance is broken down into 2+ simpler substances (1 thing forms 2) | decomposition
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a single, uncombined element replaces an element that is part of a compound | single replacement
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elements in 2 different compounds replace eachother, 2 elements switch compounds | double replacement
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energy is taken in by the reacting substances | endothermic reaction
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energy is released by the reacting substances | exothermic reaction
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energy needed to begin a chemical reaction | activation energy
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study of the rates of chemical reactions; how quickly reactants change into products | kinetics
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the rate of a _____ is affected by 4 factors: concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts | reaction
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substance that increases the rate of a reaction, but is not changed in the reaction | catalyst
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background or object that motion is compared to; most common is earth | frame of reference
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a change in position in a certain amount of time | motion
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rate at which an object moves | speed
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speed that does not change over time | constant speed
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total distance moved divided by the total time elapsed (d/t=?) | average speed
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speed given in direction | velocity
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the difference of the final speed and the initial speed | change in speed
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rate of change in velocity | acceleration
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determines how difficult it is to stop an object's motion | momentum
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mass X velocity = ? | momentum
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a push or a pull | force (Newtons)
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equal forces being applied in opposite directions, no change in motion and no acceleration | balanced forces
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unequal forces being applied in different directions, causes change in motion and acceleration | unbalanced forces
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force that opposes the motion of an object | friction
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when 2 solid surfaces rub together | sliding friction
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created by wheels and ball bearings | rolling friction
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caused by liquids or gases | fluid friction
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substance used to decrease friction | lubricant
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objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest remain at rest...unless acted upon by an outside force | newton's first law
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property of matter that tends to resist any change in motion | inertia
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force equals mass X acceleration | newton's second law
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for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction | newton's third law
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region of space with no air resistance | vacuum
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an instrument that makes work easier | machine
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work that goes into a machine | work input
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work done by the machine | work output
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comparison of work output to work input | efficiency
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a force acting through a distance | work
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the rate at which work is done, or the amount of work per unit time | power
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force applied to a machine | effort force
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force that machine tries to over come | resistance force
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a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point | lever
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pivot point of a lever | fulcrum
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ex. seesaw | 1st class lever
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ex. door | 2nd class lever
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ex. tweezer | 3rd class lever
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a simple machine consisting of a large wheel rigidly secured to a smaller wheel or shaft called an axel | wheel and axel
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rope or belt wrapped around a grooved wheel | pulley
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pulley that does not rise/fall with the load being moved | fixed pulley
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pulley that rises/falls with the load being moved | movable pulley
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an even sloping surface | inclined plane
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a modified inclined plane used to either seperate/hold devices | wedge
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modified inclined plane with the threads of the screw as a type of circular ramp | screw
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ability to do work | energy (joules)
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energy associated with motion | mechanical
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energy involved with the motion of the atoms of matter | heat energy
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energy that exists in the bonds that hold atoms together | chemical energy
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energy associated with moving charges | electromagnetic energy
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energy from the fusing or splitting of the nuclei of atoms | nuclear energy
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energy that a moving object has due to its motion | kinetic energy
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energy of position; stored energy | potential energy
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potential energy that depends on height above the Earth's surface | gravitational potential energy
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changes in the form of energy | energy conversion
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flow of charge | electric current
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potential difference | voltage
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increases voltage | step-up generator
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decreases voltage | step-down generator
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discovered relation between electricity and magnetism e->m | Hans Oersted
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found out electricity could be produced from magnetism m->e | Michael Faraday
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device with magnetic materials within its coils | electromagnet
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process by which current is produced by changing the magnetic field | electromagnetic induction
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long coil of wire that acts like a magnet when current flows through it | solenoid
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device that uses electromagnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy | motor
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device that uses electromagnets to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy | generator
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traveling disturbance that carries energy from one place to another | wave
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movement that follows the same path over and over again | vibration
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wave that disturbs a medium | mechanical wave
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wave that consists of electromagnetic field and doesn't require a medium to exist | electromagnetic wave
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wave in which the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction of a wave | transverse wave
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wave in which motion of medium is parallel to the wave | longitudinal wave
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the # of waves produced in a given amount of time | frequency
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waves per second | hertz
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amount of energy carried by a wave in a certain amount of time | intensity
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current produced in a wire | induced current
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
jherb97
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