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Final Exam

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Question
Answer
Functions of Urinary System   excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation  
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3 parts of excretion   Urea, creatinine, and uric acid  
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urea   from breakdown of amino acids  
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creatinine   from breakdown of creatine phosphate (energy)  
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uric acid   from breakdown of nucleic acid nitrogenous bases  
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elimination   discharge of wastes into the environment  
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homeostatic regulation (6 parts)   regulation of blood glucose, blood pH, ions in blood, blood pressure, blood volume, and production of hormones  
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ions in blood   calcium, phosphorous, sodium  
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how blood pH is regulated   kidneys excrete H+ ions (acidic), conserve bicarbonate ions  
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how blood volume is regulated   kidneys can eliminate or conserve water  
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how blood pressure is regulated   kidneys use hormones called Renin (increase BP)  
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types of hormones produced for homeostatic regulation   calcitriol (active Vit D) and Erythropoietin (production of RBCs)  
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regions of kindeys   cortex, medulla, and pelvis  
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cortex is made up of...   renal corpuscles  
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renal corpuscles   glomerulus and glomerular capsule (part of nephron)  
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cortex function   filtration of blood  
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medulla is made up of...   renal tubules  
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medulla function   reabsorption (filtrate and water back to blood) and secretion (water and filtrate dumped into kidney tubule from blood)  
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pelvis is made up of...   minor and major calyx  
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pelvis function   excretion  
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flow of urinary system   filtration, reabsorption, secretion  
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glomerular filtration rate   volume of filtrate formed by all glomeruli in one minute  
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glomerular filtration rate is proportional to...   net filtration pressure  
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How we get net filtration pressure...   Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure  
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Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure   force driving smaller molecules through filtration membrane  
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2 forces opposing Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure   colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure  
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colloid osmotic pressure   created by larger molecules still in blood, forces fluid/water back into blood (osmotic gradient)  
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capsular hydrostatic pressure   pressure created by newly formed filtrate  
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increase colloid osmotic pressure=   decreasee net filtration pressure=decreased glomerular filtration rate  
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average glomerular filtration rate for males and females   males=125 ml, females=105 ml  
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tubular reabsorption   as soon as filtrate enters proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption occurs and 99% of filtrate is absorbed. both passive and active processes occur  
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2 types of blood vessels surrounding renal tubules   vasa recta and paratubular capillaries  
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ways molecules are transported through membrane during reabsorption   facilitated diffusion and active transport  
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facilitated diffusion   uses carrier proteins, substances move based on concentration gradient, no ATP needed (AKA uniport)  
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Active Transport   moves molecules against concentration gradient using ATP or gradient of another molecule,  
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Two types of active transport   Cotransport(symport)=two molecules in same direction and Counter transport(antiport)=two molecules in opposite directions  
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Transport Maximum (Saturation)   how much can be absorbed of a substance  
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What happens when you reach or exceed saturation/Tm?   substance spills into urine  
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Renal Threshold   plasma concentration at which a substance will start appearing in urine  
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tubular secretion   substances move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules  
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how are substances secreted?   active transport-countercurrent mechanism:substances flow in opposite direction through adjacent channels.  
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tubular secretion sets up for...   osmotic gradient which allows tubules to vary the urine concentration  
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osmotic diuretic   substance that is not completely reabsorbed and carries water out with it. urine output will increase  
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regulation of glomerular filtration   intrinsic control and extrinsic control  
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types of intrincsic control in nephrom   myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular mechanism  
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myogenic mechanism   afferent arterioles constrict or dilate in response to blood pressure  
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constrict   decrease glomerular filtration rate=higher BP -flow of blood into glomerulus drops  
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dilate   increase glomerular filtration rate=lower BP -flow of blood into glomerulus increases  
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types of extrinsic control   neural and hormonal  
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neural extrinsic control   nerve impulses sent to nephrons  
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types of neural extrinsic control   sympathetic and parasympathetic  
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sympathetic   afferent arteriole constricts when nerve impulses are sent here (decreases glomerular filtration rate)  
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parasympathetic   afferent arterioles dilate when nerve impulses are sent here (increases glomerular filtration rate)  
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