Final Exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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Functions of Urinary System | excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation
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3 parts of excretion | Urea, creatinine, and uric acid
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urea | from breakdown of amino acids
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creatinine | from breakdown of creatine phosphate (energy)
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uric acid | from breakdown of nucleic acid nitrogenous bases
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elimination | discharge of wastes into the environment
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homeostatic regulation (6 parts) | regulation of blood glucose, blood pH, ions in blood, blood pressure, blood volume, and production of hormones
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ions in blood | calcium, phosphorous, sodium
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how blood pH is regulated | kidneys excrete H+ ions (acidic), conserve bicarbonate ions
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how blood volume is regulated | kidneys can eliminate or conserve water
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how blood pressure is regulated | kidneys use hormones called Renin (increase BP)
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types of hormones produced for homeostatic regulation | calcitriol (active Vit D) and Erythropoietin (production of RBCs)
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regions of kindeys | cortex, medulla, and pelvis
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cortex is made up of... | renal corpuscles
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renal corpuscles | glomerulus and glomerular capsule (part of nephron)
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cortex function | filtration of blood
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medulla is made up of... | renal tubules
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medulla function | reabsorption (filtrate and water back to blood) and secretion (water and filtrate dumped into kidney tubule from blood)
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pelvis is made up of... | minor and major calyx
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pelvis function | excretion
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flow of urinary system | filtration, reabsorption, secretion
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glomerular filtration rate | volume of filtrate formed by all glomeruli in one minute
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glomerular filtration rate is proportional to... | net filtration pressure
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How we get net filtration pressure... | Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
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Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure | force driving smaller molecules through filtration membrane
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2 forces opposing Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure | colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
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colloid osmotic pressure | created by larger molecules still in blood, forces fluid/water back into blood (osmotic gradient)
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capsular hydrostatic pressure | pressure created by newly formed filtrate
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increase colloid osmotic pressure= | decreasee net filtration pressure=decreased glomerular filtration rate
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average glomerular filtration rate for males and females | males=125 ml, females=105 ml
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tubular reabsorption | as soon as filtrate enters proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption occurs and 99% of filtrate is absorbed. both passive and active processes occur
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2 types of blood vessels surrounding renal tubules | vasa recta and paratubular capillaries
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ways molecules are transported through membrane during reabsorption | facilitated diffusion and active transport
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facilitated diffusion | uses carrier proteins, substances move based on concentration gradient, no ATP needed (AKA uniport)
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Active Transport | moves molecules against concentration gradient using ATP or gradient of another molecule,
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Two types of active transport | Cotransport(symport)=two molecules in same direction and Counter transport(antiport)=two molecules in opposite directions
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Transport Maximum (Saturation) | how much can be absorbed of a substance
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What happens when you reach or exceed saturation/Tm? | substance spills into urine
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Renal Threshold | plasma concentration at which a substance will start appearing in urine
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tubular secretion | substances move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
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how are substances secreted? | active transport-countercurrent mechanism:substances flow in opposite direction through adjacent channels.
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tubular secretion sets up for... | osmotic gradient which allows tubules to vary the urine concentration
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osmotic diuretic | substance that is not completely reabsorbed and carries water out with it. urine output will increase
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regulation of glomerular filtration | intrinsic control and extrinsic control
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types of intrincsic control in nephrom | myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular mechanism
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myogenic mechanism | afferent arterioles constrict or dilate in response to blood pressure
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constrict | decrease glomerular filtration rate=higher BP
-flow of blood into glomerulus drops
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dilate | increase glomerular filtration rate=lower BP
-flow of blood into glomerulus increases
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types of extrinsic control | neural and hormonal
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neural extrinsic control | nerve impulses sent to nephrons
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types of neural extrinsic control | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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sympathetic | afferent arteriole constricts when nerve impulses are sent here (decreases glomerular filtration rate)
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parasympathetic | afferent arterioles dilate when nerve impulses are sent here (increases glomerular filtration rate)
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