glands
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hypothalamus | is part of the diencephalon located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere.
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hypothalamus | connects to the pituitary gland through the infundibular or pituitary stalk.
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hypothalamus through its impact on the pituitary gland is responsible for. | regulation of the autonomic nervous system (body temperature, appetite, sweating, thirst, sexual behavior, rage, fear, blood pressure, sleep) and other endocrine glands through its impact on the pituitary gland
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pituitary gland is normally the size of a | pea and is located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus.
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pituitary gland is considered the most | important part of the endocrine system since it releases hormones that regulate several other endocrine glands.
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pituitary gland | “master gland” is influenced by factors such as seasonal changes or emotional stress.
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pituitary gland secretes | endorphins that act on the nervous system and reduce a personʼs sensitivity to pain.
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pituitary gland also works as a | catalyst for the testes and ovaries to create sex hormones.
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thyroid gland is located on the | anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea immediately below the larynx
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thyroid gland is shaped like a | “bow tie” or “butterfly” with two halves (lobes); a right lobe and a left lobe joined by an isthmus.
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thyroid produces | thyroxine and triiodothyronine that act to control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food.
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An increase in thyroid hormones | will increase the rate of the chemical reactions within the body.
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There are four parathyroid glands | found on the posterior surface of the thyroidʼs lateral lobes.
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parathyroid glands produce | parathyroid hormone which functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
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Parathyroid hormone | increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to the blood.
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Secretion of parathyroid hormone | is stimulated by hypocalcemia and inhibited by hypercalcemia
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. Normal clotting, neuromuscular excitability, and cell membrane permeability | are dependent on normal calcium levels.
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The two adrenal glands are located | on top of each kidney;
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the outer portion of adrenal glands | is called the adrenal cortex and the inner portion is called the adrenal medulla.
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The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla | secrete different hormones.
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The adrenal cortex produces | corticosteroids that will regulate water and sodium balance, the bodyʼs response to stress, the immune system, sexual development and function, and metabolism.
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The adrenal medulla produces | epinephrine that increases heart rate and blood pressure when there is an increase in stress.
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The pancreas is located | in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity extending from the duodenum to the spleen.
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The pancreas includes | both endocrine and exocrine tissues.
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The pancreas; The islets of Langerhans are | the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas.
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The pancreas; Alpha cells produce | glucagon and beta cells produce insulin.
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The pancreas; hormones work in combination | to ensure a consistent level of glucose within the bloodstream and properly maintain stores of energy within the body.
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The ovaries are located | in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus.
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The ovaries provide estrogen and progesterone | that contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
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Estrogen is secreted by | the ovarian follicles which are responsible for the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics such as breast development and the cycles of the female reproductive system.
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Progesterone is produced by the | corpus luteum and functions to maintain the lining of the uterus at a level necessary for pregnancy.
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The testes are located | in the scrotum between the upper thighs.
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The testes secrete androgens (most importantly testosterone) that regulate body changes associated with sexual development and support the production of sperm. |
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