20th Century History
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| 14th Amendment | equal protection (no racial discrimination)
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| 15th Amendment | suffrage for African American men
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| Urbanization | moving from country to city for factory jobs - women felt compelled to vote to protect children, themselves, etc.
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| Nationalism | desire for protection, expansion, law & order, power, and pride in one's nation (people, borders, economy, government, army, resources, history
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| Belle Epoch | "Beautiful age" - believed we were past the age of war
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| Imperialism | The policy of forcefully extending a nation's authority by territorial gain or by the establishment of economic and political dominance over other nations
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| Conference of Berlin | 1884, world leaders met (except Africa) to divide control of Africa
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| Hegemony | total control
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| William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer | yellow journalists - jumped to conclusions, exaggerated events, etc.
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| Bismarck | Prime Minister of Prussia, oversaw unification of Germany, became Chancellor of Germany until Willhelm II. *practical
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| Willhelm II | Last German Emperor *"war-minded"
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| Triple Alliance | Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
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| Triple Entente | France, Great Britain, Russia
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| First Moroccan Crisis | 1905, French took over Morocco, Germany wanted it. Germans realized Austro-Hungarians were their only real alliance
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| Bosnian Crisis | 1908, Russia wanted access to the Black Sea and Dardanelles, Ottoman Empire was vulnerable bc other empires wanted whatever they could get. Bosnia gained independence; AH wanted Bosnia, made a deal with Russia (Russia gets Dardanelles, AH gets Bosnia). Ot
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| Second Moroccan Crisis | 1911, Alliances firmly in place
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| Schlieffen Plan | invade France as quickly as possible through Belgium to get France to retreat, take over Paris, then move all forces to Russia. Needed France to retreat and Russia to move slowly. Russia had improved mobilization speed and they did not realize it would le
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| Marne Battle | Germany vs. France - Schlieffen Plan gone wrong, trenches cut France in half - both sides kept digging in attempt to get around the other's flank.
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| Hindenberg & Luddendorf | top German generals, wanted to win the war and neglected Germans' needs
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| Verdun | battle that stopped the German offensive
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| Trench life | trenches became more hospitable, less primitive. Both sides became more cordial to one another
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| Melingering | faking an injury or self-inflicting wounds, refusing orders, trenchfoot, going AWOL, etc. to get out of war. Army made an example of soldiers being disobedient - lined up and shot
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| Total war | involves all of society
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| Lusitania | sunken ship that had many Americans on board - got U.S. involved in the war
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| Zimmerman Note | from Germany to Mexico. Offered Mexico U.S. territory in exchange for help (wanted Mexico to distract the U.S.) Intercepted by U.S. Wilson declared war on Germany
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| CPI - Committee on Public Information | created propaganda for the war effort.
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| St. Petersburg Revolution | Russia, Feb. 1917 - thought if the czar stepped down, the issue would be solved, but the issue was with the monarchy itself. Nicholas II stepped down, provisional gov't created, political parties began to form.
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| Bolsheviks | "peace, bread, and land" - leaders of the working class during the revolution
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| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | peace treaty btwn Russia and Central Powers (headed by Germany) Russia gave up territory, exited WWI
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| Wilson's 14 Points | attempt to remove causes for war. *open covenants openly arrived at *freedom of the seas *no heavy reparations for the war (don't punish Germany) *countries have the right to determine their own futures (no colonization - freedom) *League of Nations estab
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| League of Nations | collective security - no country would attack another bc the League would be against them
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| Clemencaeu | French Prime Minister
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| David Lloyd George | Prime Minister of GB
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| First German Note | From Germany to President Wilson, requesting initiative for peace. Armistice to stop shooting was drafted, looked like a treaty with specific conditions to make Germany pay - Germany refused.
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| Weimar Republic | socialist gov't with parliament in Germany, replaced imperial gov't. Did not want to fight war, willing to sign armistice.
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| Compiegne Armistice | 1918, agreement to end fighting in WWI btwn the Allies and Germany. Marked victory for Allies, complete defeat for Germany
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| Paris Peace Conference | Jan 1919, treaty drafted. Almost the same as the armistice
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| Treaty of Versailles | Signed in June 1919, included War Guild Clause, which agreed to League of Nations
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| Red Scare | fear of communism in the U.S.
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| 19th Amendment | Women's suffrage
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| Alexander II | reformer, wanted to modernize Russia. Emancipated serfs to educate and industrialize. Very unpopular bc of his young mistress. Killed after 7th assassination attempt.
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| Alexander III | went in opposite direction of Alexander II, drafter liberal constitution, secret police, Russification of other countries. Very popular - family-oriented, "real man"
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| Novgorod Volya | terrorist group, including some Jews
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| Pogroms | mob violence attacking Jews
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| Nicholas II | invited general public to his coronation (party) - many killed in stampede. Believed in divine right, tried to do everything himself. Disbanded 3 of 4 parliaments, 4th included his people
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| Russo-Japanese War | both wanted Korea, Russia was losing. People were fed up with war - Revolution
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| October Manifesto | Nicholas II & his army's attempt to settle things, esp. the revolution. Signed reluctantly, included the Duma (parliament)
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| Rasputin | had healing powers, helped Nicholas II's son with his illness and became a trusted advisor. Czar's men wanted to get rid of him bc they felt he was the problem. Eventually killed him & learned that czar was the problem.
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| Alexander Kerensky | leader of provisional (temporary) "caretaker" gov't after Nicholas II stepped down
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| Petrograd Soviets | worker's council established to represent the city's workers competing for control.
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| Bolsheviks | "majority" led by Stalin, Lenin, and Trotsky
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| Mensheviks | "minority" other party competing for power
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| Red Army | (Bolsheviks) seized control in October Revolution, promised elections and went through with it, but elected officials were sent home when they did not get majority. Attacked any disloyal to communists.
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| White Army | Generals and rich, formed to compete Red Army. White army lost
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| NEP - New Economic Policies | issued by Lenin, re-intoduction of capitalism
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| Cheka, NKVD, KGB | Soviet Secret Police, used terrorism as part of policy
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| Karl Marx | wanted to build Socialism base - relationship btwn workers and employers (exploitation)
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| Trotsky | wanted international of communism - comintern. Smarter, but not as political/likeable.
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| Stalin | disagreed with Trotsky. Became leader - dictator until 1953 (death), tried to dictate terms of relationships with party members
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| 5-year Plan | 1928-32, aggressive industrialization to show capitalist world that communists could do it too. Sacrificed quality for quantity
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| Collectivization | initiative to create large-scale industrial farming for peasants. Did not go as planned bc peasants were ignorant
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| "25-thousanders" | to persuade peasants to join collectivization. Failed, so they used force. Widespread resistance - peasants began killing their crops - famine.
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| The Great Purges | Stalin's getting rid of everyone who disagreed with him.
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| Speculation | buing huge amounts of land for cheap, put condos on it and sell as smaller sections, Built skyscrapers to make money. Assumed people would pay to rent space.
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| Desparity of Wealth | 5% of Americans controlled 60% of wealth - increased gap btwn rich and poor
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| Hoover | declared poverty would end by the end of his term. U.S. was an industrial giant, but poverty rate was 40%. Hoover was often blamed for poor conditions
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| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | tax on imports to stimulate purchase of domestic goods
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| FDR | used deficit spending to stimulate the economy bc corporations could not or would not
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| NRA - National Recovery Administration | passed by FDR. Gave money, etc.
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| TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority | to build hydroelectric dams for electricity
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| CCC - Civilian Conservation Corporation | Put young men to work. Rode trains between towns looking for work. Invested in infrastructure.
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| First 100 Days | FDR saved U.S. economy during first 100 days of his presidency
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| Court-Packing Scheme | added more justices to tip balance to democrats. Effort failed, but the threat had been made. Started passing more legislation
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| Wagner Act | protection of labor unions
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| Fair Labor Standards Act | minimum wage, overtime, child labor laws, etc.
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| Beer Hall Putsch | 1923, failed attempt by Hitler to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany
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| Mein Kampf | Hitler's plan for government, written while he was in jail. Became popular & he decided to get involved in legitimate politics.
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| National Socialist Party | Nazi Party, called socialist to appeal to public. Hitler joined but never held office
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| Anti-Semitism | prejudice toward Jews, Hitler encouraged this with his oratorical skills.
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| President Vonhindenberg | brought Hitler into German gov't so he could keep an eye on him and bc he thought he wouldn't want to be in gov't once he realized how difficult it would be.
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| Francisco Franco | Spanish leader of Socialist republic gov't. Formed army - March on Madrid - began Spanish Civil War
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| Spanish Civil War | Republic vs. Fascism. Hitler helped Franco (fascist), Republic gov't fell, Franco got power and stayed neutral in WWII
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| Alexander Nevsky | issued propaganda to warn against Germans. Worked with Einstein, who was better known
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| U.S. Neutrality Acts | 1935-passed, Nye commission revealed corporations had pushed U.S. into war to profit from it. Roosevelt saw Europe going to war and worried about U.S. involvement.
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| Luftwaffe | German airforce. Lent by Hitlet to help fight against Spain
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| Abraham Lincoln Brigade | voluntary American groups to fight for democracy in Spain (since U.S. was neutral)
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| Rape of Nanking | 1937, Japan blew up their own bridge and blamed China for reason to attack China. Brutal rape and murder of over 250,000
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| Anschluss | 1938, united Germany and Austria (Austria became province of Germany)
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| Sudetenland | part of Checkoslovakia. Hitler wanted it and part of Poland. Was in a position to demand it or threaten war.
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| Munich Accords | appeasement to Hitler's demands. Wanted Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. Germany, France, Britain, and Italy allowed it with promise that all future differences would be resolved through consultation.
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| Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact | treaty of nonagression btwn Germany and Soviet Union. Pledged to remain neutral if either nation was attacked by a third party.
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| Hitler invasion of Poland | 1939, one week after Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Ended with Germany and Soviet Union dividing and annexing Poland
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| Blitzkrieg | "lightning war" German war tactic to force concentration of tanks, infantry, artillery, air power, etc. at overwhelming force and high speed to break through enemy lines and attack, making it difficult for enemy to respond effectively.
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| Battle of Britain | air force war btwn GB and Germany. Considered Germany's first major defeat and a turning point in the war.
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| Maginot Line | line of defense by France around borders with Germany
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| Operation Barbarossa | 1941, German invasion of Soviet Union. Failed, leading to Hitler's demands for more operations in USSR, all eventually failed.
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| Cash and Carry | revised Neutrality Acts, allowing sale of materials by U.S., provided that buyer paid in cash and transported materials themselves.
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| Lend-Lease | program of U.S. supplying Allied powers with war materials btwn 1941-1945. Signed into law before U.S. entrance into the war
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| Petain | French officer, didn't wanted to fight Nazis bc he thought French were going to lose, so joined Nazis. (Others did the same)
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| Attack on Pearl Harbor | intended as a preventative measure by Japanese to keep U.S. from interfering with military actions Japan was planning in SE Asia. Shocked U.S. and led to entry into WWII
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| Four Freedoms | U.S. war aims *freedom of speech *freedom from fear *freedom from want *freedom of worship
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| Naval Battles-U.S. vs. Japan | Battle of Coral Sea, Battle of Midway - ended Japanese Navy. Japan resorts to terrorism
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| Higgins Boat | used to get U.S. men on shore in Germany bc they invaded on the beach
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| D-Day | June 6,1944 - Massive marine invasion of Allies on Germany. German army was not ready
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| Battle of the Bulge | major German offensive toward enf of WWII, failed.
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| VE-Day | Victory in Europe Day - May 7, 1945 - Germany surrenders unconditionally
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| Trinity Test | first Nuclear weapon test of atomic bomb by U.S. Army in a desert in New Mexico
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| Leo Szilard | Hungarian physicist who conceived nuclear chain rxn, patented nuclear reactor, wrote letter for Einstein that resulted in Manhattan Project
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| Manhattan Project | 1941-45, to build atomic bomb. Scientists didn't realize it was a weapon, thought it was a new technology. Stalin knew about it
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| Robert Oppenheimer | led the Manhattan Project
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| Hiroshima | August 6, 1945 - dropped without warning in effort to get Japanese to surrender unconditionally
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| Nagasaki | August 9, 1945 - second bomb dropped. Japan offerred surrender if emperor's life could be spared - denied.
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| Surrender of Japan | September 2, 1945 - formal surrender, emperor's life was spared
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| General Chiang Kai-Shek | established nationalist party in China. Forced communist party to retreat (Chiang's army was more successful)
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| Chinese Civil War | Communists vs. nationalists. Nationalists won, forced retreat
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| The Long March | massive military retreat of Red Army (communist party) ~8000 miles. Only 10% of army remained after.
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| Mao Zedong | became a hero, more popular than Chiang in China - won hearts and minds of population
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| OSS | Office of Strategic Services - U.S. spies in China, felt Chiang wasn't doing his part.
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| Syngman Rhee | leader of S.Korea (non-communist)
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| Kim Il-Sung | leader of N.Korea
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| People's Republic of China | 1949, communist gov't established under Mao Zedong. Chiang forced to flee
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| General Assembly & U.N. Security Council | U.S., G.B., China, U.S.S.R., France. Boycotted by U.S.s.R. bc U.S. recognized Chiang's gov't insteaf of Mao's
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| Korean War | mostly American troops to restore 38th parallel in Korea
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| McArthur | wanted to liberate N.Korea and unify Korea
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| Eisenhower | Promises to go to Korea and does so when elected
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