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ART 112 EXAM 3

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Sensitivity   Heightened awareness and responsiveness  
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Flexibility   ability to adapt to new situations and find innovative relationships  
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Originality   uncommon responses to situations and problems  
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Playfulness   Sense of human and free experimentation  
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Productivity   ability to generate ideas easily and frequently and to follow through  
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Fluency   readiness to allow free-flow of ideas  
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Analytical skill   Taking problems to see how they work  
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Organizational skill   putting problems back together in a coherent order  
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Style   A characteristic or group of characteristics that we recognize as constant, recurring or coherent. Characteristic subject matter or materials, distinctive ways of handling media, preferences for certain colors, etc.  
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Megalithic   "Big Stones"  
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Megalithic architecture   Built from large, unworked stone  
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Menhir   standing stone. Megalith set upright to form a vertical.  
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Dolmen   two menhirs supporting a horizontal stone lintel.  
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Post-and-lintel   in architecture, a structural system based on two or more uprights (posts) supporting a horizontal crosspiece (lintel or beam)  
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Tensile strength   In architecture, the ability of a material to span horizontal distances with minimum support from underneath.  
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Henge   Circle of menhirs or dolmens  
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Tumulus   large mounds or earth or rubble built up over a burial chamber, which is supported by either a dolmen or corbel.  
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Corbel   primitive form of arch made from megaliths  
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Ziggurat   an ancient Mesopotamian architecture, a monumental stepped structure symbolically understood as a mountain and serving as a platform for one or more temples.  
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Adobe   Sun-dried (as opposed to furnace-baked) brick made of clay mixed with straw  
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Hypostyle   An interior space filled with rows of columns that serve to support the roof  
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Clerestory   the topmost part of a wall, extending above flanking elements such as aisles and set with windows to admit light. In a basilica or church, the clerestory is the topmost zone of the nave.  
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Stylobate   a platform of stone on which the entire structure rests. Functions to provide firm base for the columns in lieu of digging foundations below ground.  
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Colonnade   Row of columns, each with base, shaft, capital  
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Entablature   the horizontal element supported by the columns. It subdivides into three elements.  
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Architrave   the supportive lintel that rests on the capitals of the columns and supports the weight of what is placed above. It is executed in sections; the joints between sections appear over the centers of that columns below.  
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Frieze   element above the architrave and below the cornice. Usually decorative.  
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Cornice   projective elements above the frieze. It projects forward from the surface of the facade by inches or even feet. Function is to protect the painted relief sculpture of the frieze from rain damage.  
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Pediment   Triangular element above the entablature. Hides trussed roof behind the facade. Decorated with sculpture. Sometimes the sculpture is in relief; much more frequent is placement of free-standing figures on the ledge provided by the cornice.  
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Raking cornices   cornices that project out over the sculpture, usually free-standing, placed in the pediment to protect it from rain damage.  
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Doric order   earliest and simplest. Columns have box shaped lid capitals. Shafts may or may not be fluted. Frieze is always subdivided into triglyphs and metopes. Ethos is masculine.  
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Ionic order   Characteristic capital is voluted (shapes resembling ram's horns or scrolls). Columns always fluted. Frieze always continuous. Ethos is feminine.  
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Corinthian order   characteristic capital is decorated with the acanthus leaf motif. Columns fluted. Frieze continuous. Ethos suggests excessive decoration. (Developed by Greece but used by Rome)  
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Arcade   a series of arches placed side by side and sharing piers.  
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Barrel vault   a series of arches placed one behind another, each with piers, impost, voussoirs, and keystone. It creates a tunnel-like space of infinite possible length. The sectiona of wall between the arches can be pierced for doors and windows.  
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Groin vault   two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles. The space spanned is a square or rectangle. If the arches that form the groin are 35 feet wide, then that space spanned at the groin is 625 square feet. This is the building block of interior space.  
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Dome   An upside down bowl shaped form created when arches span around a central point at its apex. Until the baroque era, domes were always perfectly round at their base. They frequently appear over groin vaults  
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Pendentives   spherical triangles. They are a masonry membrane that curves upward from the piers and inwards from one arch to the other of the groin, forming a complete circle at the top of which the dome rests.  
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Nave   Central aisle used by congregation  
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Side aisles   alongside nave for use by pilgrims and processions  
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Apse   semi-circular space at end of nave for altar, roofed by a semi-dome.  
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Transepts   "arms of the cross", for use by clergy/monks  
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Ambulatory   passageway behind choir and apse for use by pilgrims  
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Tympanum   Filler at the top of round arch  
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Trumeau   separates the two doors  
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Jambs   vertical supports on either side of opening  
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Ferroconcrete   Concrete reinforced internally with iron rods or steel mesh  
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Suspension   A structural system in architecture, most common in bridges, in which the weight of a horizontal member is suspended from steel cables supported by uprights called pylons.  
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Cantilever   In architecture, a horizontal structural element supported at one end only, with the other end projecting into space.  
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Geodesic dome   an architectural structure invented by R. Buckminster Fuller, based on triangles arranged into tetrahedrons (four-faceted solids)  
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