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Lecture Unit 3

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Question
Answer
Gross Anatomy of the Male   Scrotum, testis, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles (make semen), ejaculatroy duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra, penis (external & internal portions).  
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Scrotum   Skin covered sac that holds testes. Provides cooler temp needed for normal sperm development & maturation-3C lower then internal body temp. Raphe-external ridge-like seam. Median septum. Dartos muscle-wrinkles & unwrinkles scrotum. Thermoregulation.  
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Spermatic cord   CT cord that runs from testis through inguinal canal. Ductus deferens. Cremaster muscle lifts & lowers testes-thermoregulation. Testicular vessels & nerves-Pampiniform plexus-network of testicular veins. Thermoregulation-pre-cooling of arterial blood.  
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Anatomy of the Testes   Produce sperm & androgens. Covered by tunica vaginaliss & tunica albuginea. Testicular lobules contain up to 4 seminiferous tubules. Efferent ductules connect testis to epididymis.  
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Microscopic anatomy of the testes   Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells-line seminiferous tubules-form blood-testis barrier. Assist w/ sperm development. Interstitial cells (of Leydig)-In interstitial spaces around seminiferous tubules. Produce androgens-testosterone in response to LH.  
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Sperm   Spermatogenesis begins at puberty in seminiferous tubules. Controlled by FSH & testosterone. Acrosome-cap over the nucleus containing digestive enzymes. Head contains nucleus. Midpiece with mitochondria. Tail-flagellum.  
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Semen   Seminal fluid from the accessory glands combines w/ sperm from the testes to make up semen. Called ejaculate when released. Average ejaculation contains ~1tsp. of fluid & 200-500 million sperm.  
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Three things that create seminal fluid (Accessory Glands)   Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland.  
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Epididymis   Sperm become mature & fully motile. Sperm are ejaculated from storae in the epididymis. Non-ejaculated sperm degenerate in epididymis.  
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Three layers of the Ductus (Vas) Deferens   1. Mucosa-pseudostratified ciliated columnar. 2. Muscularis-Contracs to move sperm through the ductus deferens. 3. Adventitia.  
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Vasectomy   Form of birth control where vas deferens is cut & closed. Sperm are created then reabsorbed by the cells of the epididymis. Ejaculate contains seminal fluid, no sperm.  
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Ejaculatory duct   Carries sperm from ductus deferens to the urethra.  
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Male Urethra   Transports semen & urine to the outside of the body. 1. prostatic urethra 2. membranous urethra 3. penile (spongy) urethra.  
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Seminal Vesicles   Fructose: nourish sperm. Prostaglandins: widen & dilate cervix.  
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Prostate gland   Citric acid: nutrient. Seminalplasmin: antibiotic combats UTI in males. Prostate specific antigen (PSA): liquefies semen after ejaculation.  
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Bulbourethral glands   Mucus: protect urethra, lubricant for sex.  
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia   Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate. Very common: >90% of men over 80 suffer from it. Nocturia: urination at night. Polyuria: more frequent urination. Dysuria: painful urination.  
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Prostate cancer   Risk increases with age. Detected by digital rectal exam or PSA test.  
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Penis   Root, shaft, and glans. Three erectile bodies: corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa (2). Dorsal veins. Deep arteries.  
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Erection   Blood fills the erectile tissues. Deep arteries dilate. Blood is trapped in erectile tissues by compression of dorsal veins. Parasympathetic stimulus.  
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Ejaculation   Expulsion of semen. Sympathetic stimulus. Orgasm. Urination is under parasympathetic stimulus.  
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Prepuce   Skin covering glans. Removed during circumcision.  
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