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Lecture Unit 3

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Question
Answer
Small Intestine   Lined w/ simple columnar epithelium. Suspended by the messentary proper. Functions: majority of chemical digestion: bile from liver, enzymes from pancreas. Nutrient absorption.  
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Regions of the small intestine   Duodenum-10 inches. Jejunum-8 feet. Ileum-11 feet.  
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Three things that increase surface are a for absorption   1. Plicae circulares (circular folds): macroscopic, slow the chyme. 2. Villi: microscopic. 3. Microvilli: microscopic. Apical surface of epithelial cells. Brush border.  
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Hernias   Intestines go through unintended opening. Hiatal, Umbilical, Inguinal, Femoral (lateral side).  
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Functions of the Large intestine   Absorbs water and electrolytes. Forces feces toward rectum.  
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Special features of the large intestine   1. Teniae coli-3 longitudinal layers of muscle. find appendix where they meet. 2. Haustra-sacks or bulges. 3. Epiploic appendages-fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum.  
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Large Intestine Structures   Cecum (lower R. quad.), Ileocecal Valve, Appendix, Ascending colon, Hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal.  
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Rectum   Well-developed muscle. Able to generate strong contractions.  
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Rectal Valves   Prevent feces from being passed with flatus (gas).  
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Anal Canal   Internal anal sphincter is involuntary smooth muscle. External anal sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle. Anal sinuses.  
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Anal Sinuses   Pressure from passing fecal matter causes excess mucous to be released. Lubricates the anal canal during defecation.  
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Appendicitis   Fecal matter obstructs the appendix. Swells and bursts if untreated. Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum.  
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Intestinal obstruction   Any hindrance to movement of chyme or feces through intestine. Exs. tumor, hairball.  
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Inflammatory bowel disease   Periodic inflammation of intestinal wall. Symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding.  
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Colorectal Cancer   Second most common cancer. Most arise from intestinal polyps. Colonoscopy.  
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Digestive Accessory Organs   Not art of the GI tract, but they secrete substances into it to facilitate digestion. Include: pancreas, liver, gallbladder.  
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Pancreas exocrine functions   Produces digestive enzymes and dumps them into the duodenum.  
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Lobes of the Liver   Right, Left, Quadrate, Caudate. Upper right quadrant. Regenerative! Regrows to fill up available space. Label.  
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Liver Functions   Production of bile. Dexification of poisons, metabolites, & drugs. RBC recycling w/ spleen. Storage of excess nutrients. Production of proteins: albumin, globulin, fibrinogen.  
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Gall Bladder   Stores & concentrates bile. Bile is made in the liver. Ducts dump into duodenum. Label: left hepatic, right hepatic, common hepatic, cystic, common bile ducts.  
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Cirrhosis   Liver cells destroyed and replaced by connective tissue. Caused by alcoholism. One cause of jaundice; build up of bilirubin from RBC recycling. Causes yellowing of sclera and skin. Treatment: liver transplant. Liver rots inside you.  
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Viral Hepatitis   Inflammation of liver. Flu-like symptoms and jaundice.  
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Gallstones   Crystallization of cholesterol.  
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Peritoneal Cavity   Parietal and visceral peritoneum. Serous membranes of abdominopelvic cavity. Space between contains lubricating serous fluid.  
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Mesenteries   Double layer folds of peritoneum. Support intraperitoneal organs. Includes: greater omentum, lesser omentum, messentary proper.  
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Retroperitoneal   Organs that lie directly against the body wall (superficial to parietal peritoneum): Most of the duodenum, pancreas, ascending & descending colon, rectum, kidneys.  
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Development   Accessory organs bud off of the primitive gut tube.  
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