CriminalJustice
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| Adjudication | The process of determining whether the defendant is guilty.
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| Arrest | The physical taking of a person into custody on the grounds that there is reason to believe that he or she has committed a criminal offense. The purpose of the arrest is to hold the accused for a court proceeding.
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| Crime control model | A model of the CJU system that assumes freedom is so important that every effort must be made to repress crime; it emphasizes efficiency, speed, finality, and the capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of offenders.
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| Discretion | The authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, using instead one’s own judgment; allows for individualization and informality in the administration of justice.
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| Discrimination | Differential treatment of individuals or groups based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or economic status, instead of on their behavior or qualifications.
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| Disparity | A difference between groups that may either be explained by legitimate factors or indicate discrimination.
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| Dual court system | A system consisting of a separate judicial structure for each state in addition to a national structure. Each case is tried in a court of the same jurisdiction as that of the law or laws broken.
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| Due process model | A model of the CJU system that assumes freedom is so important that every effort must be made to ensure that CJU decisions are based on reliable info; it emphasizes the adversarial process, the rights of defendants, and formal decision-making procedures.
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| Exchange | A mutual transfer of resources: a balance of benefits and deficits that flow from behavior based on decisions about the values and costs of alternatives.
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| Federalism | A system of government in which power is divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) governments.
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| Felonies | Serious crimes usually carrying a penalty of death or incarceration for more than one year.
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| Filtering process | A screening operation; a process by which criminal justice officials screen out some cases while advancing others to the next level of decision making.
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| Indictment | A document returned by a grand jury as a “true bill” charging an individual with a specific crime on the basis of a determination of probable cause as presented by a prosecuting attorney.
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| Information | A document charging an individual with a specific crime. It is prepared by a prosecuting attorney and presented to a court at a preliminary hearing.
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| Misdemeanors | Offenses less serious than felonies and usually punishable by incarceration of no more than a year, probation, or intermediate sanction.
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| Plea bargain | a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge
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| System | A complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose actions are directed toward goals and are influenced by the environment within which they function.
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| Warrant | A court order authorizing police officers to take certain actions, for example, to arrest suspects or to search premises.
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