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endocrine system

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Question
Answer
Exocrine glands   secrete through a series of ducts  
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Endocrine glands   are ductless, releasing directly into bloodstream  
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endocrine works with   nervous system  
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The endocrine communicates   slowly thru use of hormones  
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when a hormone reaches it target   a metabolic change occurs  
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all endocrine glands weigh   less than half a pound  
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the endocrine glands have an effect   patient metabolism,growth,development,reproduction  
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hormone release is controlled by   negative feedback  
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negative feedback   a decrease in functionin responseto stimuli  
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pituitary glnad is called   hypophysis  
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the pituitary gland   pea-sized,""master gland",works with negative feedback to exert control over other endocrine glands  
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pituitary gland is divided into   two segments: anterior and posterior  
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Anterior pituitary gland   aka adenohypophysis the first segment of the pituitary gland  
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Posterior Pituitary gland   aka neurohypophysis the second segment of the pituitary gland  
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Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes   six major hormones which constitue about 75% of the total weight of the pit. gland  
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Tropic hormones   5 of the hormones released by the anterior pit gland; called this b/c responsible for stimulation of other endocrine glands  
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Prolactin (hormone)   remaining hormone produced by the anterior pit gland; causes mammary glands to produce milk  
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Posterior Pituitary Gland releases   two hormones called oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  
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Oxytocin   promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contractions during labor  
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)   causes the kidneys to conserve water by decreasing the amount of urine produced; also constricts arterioles resulting in increased BP  
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ADH also referred to as   vasopressin because of its effect on the blood pressure  
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Thyroid gland is what shape?   butterfly-shaped  
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Thyroid gland is located where?   with one lobe lying on either side of the trachea just below the larynx  
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Isthmus   connects the lobes of the thyroid gland  
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Thyroid gland is   very vascular and receives 80 -120 mL of blood per min  
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Thyroid secretes what two main hormones?   Thryroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)  
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Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodithyronine (T3) regulate what 3 main functions?   growth and development, metabolism, and activity of the nervous system  
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Calcitonin   hormone released by the thyroid gland that decreases blood calcium levels by causing the calcium to be stored in the bones  
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Parathroid Glands located where?   on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland  
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Parathyroid glands secrete   parathyroid hormone (aka parathormone)  
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Parathormone is an antogonist to   calcitonin b/c it tends to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood  
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Parathormone regulates   the amount of phosphorus in the blood as well as increases the concentration of calcium in the blood  
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When calcium blood levels are low   the nerve cells become excited and stimulate the muscles with too many impulses, resulting in spasms (tetany)  
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When blood calcium levels are abnormally high,   heart function becomes impaired and can result in death  
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Under influence of the parathormone two changes occur in the kidneys   increases the reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from the kidney tubules; and accelerates the elimination of phosphorus in the urine  
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adrenal glands   aka suprarenal glands; small yellow masses that lie atop the kidneys  
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Both adrenal glands contain   an outer section (adrenal cortex) and a smaller inner section (adrenal medulla)  
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adrenal cortex is divided into   three separate layers and each layer secretes a particular hormone called steroids  
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mineralocorticoids   primarily involved in water and electrolyte balance and indirectly manage blood pressure  
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Aldosterone   the principal mineralocorticoid, regulates sodium and potassium levels by exterting its effects on the kidney tubules; decreases pot and increases sodium in blood stream  
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Glucocorticoids   most important of these is cortisol which is involved in glucose metabolism and provides extra reserve energy in times of stress; exhibits antiinflammatory properties  
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Sex Hormones   androgens are male hormones and estrogens are female hormones  
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Adrenal cortex releases these three steroids   mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and Sex hormones  
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Adrenal Medulla release two hormones during times of stress   epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine which cause the heart rate and BP to increase, the blood vessels constrict, and the liver to release glucose reserves for immediate energy; fight or flight response  
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pancreas is located where?   elongated gland that lies posterior to the stomach  
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Pancreas is composed of   both exocrine and endocrine tissue  
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Islets of Langerhans   more than 1 million tiny clusters of cells of the endocrine tissue of the pancreas known collectively as this  
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Islets of Langerhans secrete   two major hormones, insulin and glucagon  
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insulin   hormone secreted in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood secreted by beta cells  
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glucagon   hormone secreted in response to decreased levels of glucose in the blood secreted by alpha cells  
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Insulin and glucagon play a major role in   carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism  
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Ovaries   major sex glands of the woman  
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Ovaries are located where?   two almond shaped ovaries are located deep in the lower abdominal region lying to the left and right of the uterus  
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Ovaries begin production of hormones when?   puberty  
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Ovaries release two hormones   estrogen and progesterone  
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estrogen   repsonsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics usch as axillary hair, pubic hair, and maturation of the reproductive organs  
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progesterone   maintains the preparation of the reproductive organs that was initiated by the estrogen  
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placenta   temporary endocrine gland that forms and functions during pregnancy; ovaries become inactive and placenta controls estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain the pregnancy  
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Male sex glands   testes located in the scrotum  
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scrotum   saclike structure that hold the testes, male sex glands  
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testes release what hormone?   testosterone  
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testosterone is responsible for   development of male secondary sex characteristics such as axillary, pubic, and facial hair; maturation of the reproductive organs, deepening of voice, and development of muscle and bone mass  
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testosterone is necessary for   sperm formation  
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thymus gland is located where?   lies in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum  
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thymus gland produces   the hormone called thymosin which plays an active role in the immune system  
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T Lymphocytes   a type of white blood cell that are stimulated to carry out immune reactions to certain types of antigens  
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pineal gland is located where?   small cone-shaped gland located on the roof of the third venticle of the brain  
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pineal gland secretes   the hormone melatonin which seems to inhibit reproductive activities by inhibiting the gonadotropic hormones; important to prevent sexual maturity in children until adulthood  
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melatonin is thought to   induce sleep, may affect mood, and has an impact on menstrual cycles  
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