endocrine system
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Exocrine glands | secrete through a series of ducts
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Endocrine glands | are ductless, releasing directly into bloodstream
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endocrine works with | nervous system
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The endocrine communicates | slowly thru use of hormones
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when a hormone reaches it target | a metabolic change occurs
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all endocrine glands weigh | less than half a pound
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the endocrine glands have an effect | patient metabolism,growth,development,reproduction
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hormone release is controlled by | negative feedback
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negative feedback | a decrease in functionin responseto stimuli
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pituitary glnad is called | hypophysis
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the pituitary gland | pea-sized,""master gland",works with negative feedback to exert control over other endocrine glands
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pituitary gland is divided into | two segments: anterior and posterior
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Anterior pituitary gland | aka adenohypophysis the first segment of the pituitary gland
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Posterior Pituitary gland | aka neurohypophysis the second segment of the pituitary gland
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Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes | six major hormones which constitue about 75% of the total weight of the pit. gland
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Tropic hormones | 5 of the hormones released by the anterior pit gland; called this b/c responsible for stimulation of other endocrine glands
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Prolactin (hormone) | remaining hormone produced by the anterior pit gland; causes mammary glands to produce milk
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Posterior Pituitary Gland releases | two hormones called oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Oxytocin | promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contractions during labor
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | causes the kidneys to conserve water by decreasing the amount of urine produced; also constricts arterioles resulting in increased BP
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ADH also referred to as | vasopressin because of its effect on the blood pressure
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Thyroid gland is what shape? | butterfly-shaped
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Thyroid gland is located where? | with one lobe lying on either side of the trachea just below the larynx
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Isthmus | connects the lobes of the thyroid gland
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Thyroid gland is | very vascular and receives 80 -120 mL of blood per min
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Thyroid secretes what two main hormones? | Thryroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)
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Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodithyronine (T3) regulate what 3 main functions? | growth and development, metabolism, and activity of the nervous system
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Calcitonin | hormone released by the thyroid gland that decreases blood calcium levels by causing the calcium to be stored in the bones
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Parathroid Glands located where? | on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
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Parathyroid glands secrete | parathyroid hormone (aka parathormone)
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Parathormone is an antogonist to | calcitonin b/c it tends to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood
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Parathormone regulates | the amount of phosphorus in the blood as well as increases the concentration of calcium in the blood
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When calcium blood levels are low | the nerve cells become excited and stimulate the muscles with too many impulses, resulting in spasms (tetany)
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When blood calcium levels are abnormally high, | heart function becomes impaired and can result in death
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Under influence of the parathormone two changes occur in the kidneys | increases the reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from the kidney tubules; and accelerates the elimination of phosphorus in the urine
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adrenal glands | aka suprarenal glands; small yellow masses that lie atop the kidneys
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Both adrenal glands contain | an outer section (adrenal cortex) and a smaller inner section (adrenal medulla)
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adrenal cortex is divided into | three separate layers and each layer secretes a particular hormone called steroids
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mineralocorticoids | primarily involved in water and electrolyte balance and indirectly manage blood pressure
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Aldosterone | the principal mineralocorticoid, regulates sodium and potassium levels by exterting its effects on the kidney tubules; decreases pot and increases sodium in blood stream
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Glucocorticoids | most important of these is cortisol which is involved in glucose metabolism and provides extra reserve energy in times of stress; exhibits antiinflammatory properties
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Sex Hormones | androgens are male hormones and estrogens are female hormones
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Adrenal cortex releases these three steroids | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and Sex hormones
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Adrenal Medulla release two hormones during times of stress | epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine which cause the heart rate and BP to increase, the blood vessels constrict, and the liver to release glucose reserves for immediate energy; fight or flight response
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pancreas is located where? | elongated gland that lies posterior to the stomach
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Pancreas is composed of | both exocrine and endocrine tissue
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Islets of Langerhans | more than 1 million tiny clusters of cells of the endocrine tissue of the pancreas known collectively as this
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Islets of Langerhans secrete | two major hormones, insulin and glucagon
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insulin | hormone secreted in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood secreted by beta cells
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glucagon | hormone secreted in response to decreased levels of glucose in the blood secreted by alpha cells
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Insulin and glucagon play a major role in | carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
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Ovaries | major sex glands of the woman
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Ovaries are located where? | two almond shaped ovaries are located deep in the lower abdominal region lying to the left and right of the uterus
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Ovaries begin production of hormones when? | puberty
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Ovaries release two hormones | estrogen and progesterone
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estrogen | repsonsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics usch as axillary hair, pubic hair, and maturation of the reproductive organs
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progesterone | maintains the preparation of the reproductive organs that was initiated by the estrogen
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placenta | temporary endocrine gland that forms and functions during pregnancy; ovaries become inactive and placenta controls estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain the pregnancy
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Male sex glands | testes located in the scrotum
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scrotum | saclike structure that hold the testes, male sex glands
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testes release what hormone? | testosterone
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testosterone is responsible for | development of male secondary sex characteristics such as axillary, pubic, and facial hair; maturation of the reproductive organs, deepening of voice, and development of muscle and bone mass
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testosterone is necessary for | sperm formation
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thymus gland is located where? | lies in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum
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thymus gland produces | the hormone called thymosin which plays an active role in the immune system
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T Lymphocytes | a type of white blood cell that are stimulated to carry out immune reactions to certain types of antigens
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pineal gland is located where? | small cone-shaped gland located on the roof of the third venticle of the brain
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pineal gland secretes | the hormone melatonin which seems to inhibit reproductive activities by inhibiting the gonadotropic hormones; important to prevent sexual maturity in children until adulthood
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melatonin is thought to | induce sleep, may affect mood, and has an impact on menstrual cycles
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