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Anatomy

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Question
Answer
mouth   begins preparation of food for digestion  
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pharynx   transports food from the mouth to the esophagus  
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esophagus   transports food from the pharynx to the stomach  
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stomach   breaks down food & mixes it with digestive juices  
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small intestine   completes digestion & absorption of most nutrients  
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large intestine   absorbs excess water & prepares solid waste for elimination  
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rectum & anus   control the excretion of solid waste  
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liver   secretes bile & enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats  
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gallbladder   stores bile & releases it to the small intestine as needed  
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pancreas   secretes digestive juices & enzymes into small intestine as needed  
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The major structures of the digestive system include:   oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anus  
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The accessory organs of the digestive system include:   liver, gallbladder & pancreas  
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gastr/o   stomach  
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intestin   intestine  
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-al   pertaining to  
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upper GI tract   consists of the mouth, esophagus & stomach  
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lower GI tract is made up of:   the small & large intestines (sometimes referred to as the bowels) plus the rectum & anus  
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The major structures of the oral cavity:   AKA the mouth, are the lips, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth & the periodontium  
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lips   AKA labia, form the opening to the oral cavity  
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The lips also have important roles in:   breathing, speaking & the expression of emotions  
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palate   forms the roof of the mouth  
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hard palate   is the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane  
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rugae   are irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane  
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soft palate   is the flexible posterior portion of the palate. It has the important role of closing off the nasal passage during the swallowing to prevent food & liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity  
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uvula   hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During the swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate. It also plays an important role in snoring & in the formation of some speech sounds  
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tongue   is very strong, flexible & muscular. It aids in speech & moves food during chewing & swallowing.  
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dorsum   the upper surface of the tongue  
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papillae   small bumps on the dorsum  
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sublingual surface of the tongue & the tissues that lie under the tongue   are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues  
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it is the presence of this rich blood supply under the tongue that makes it suitable for   administering certain medications by placing them sublingually where they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream  
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periodontium   consists of the bones & soft tissues that surround & support the teeth  
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gingiva   commonly known as the gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches & lines the cheeks  
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dentition   refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper & lower jaws  
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incisors & canines   AKA cuspids; used for biting & tearing  
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bicuspids & molars   used for chewing & grinding  
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primary dentition   AKA the deciduous dentition or baby teeth, consists of 20 teeth that are normally lost during childhood & replaced by the permanent teeth. These teeth include: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars & no premolars  
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permanent dentition   consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime. These teeth include: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars & 12 molars  
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edentulous   means without teeth  
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crown   the portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth  
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enamel   hardest substance in the body; what teeth are covered with  
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roots   hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch  
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salivary glands   secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth  
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parotid glands   located on the face in front of & slightly lower than each ear  
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sublingual glands & their ducts are located   on the floor of the mouth under the tongue  
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submandibular glands & their ducts are located   on the floor of the mouth near the mandible  
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esophagus   is the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach  
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lower esophageal sphincter   AKA the cardiac sphincter or the gastroesophageal sphincter, is the muscular ring controls the flow between the esophagus & the stomach  
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stomach   is a sac-like organ composed of the fundus (upper rounded part), body (main portion) & antrum (lower part)  
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rugae   are the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach. Glands located within these folds produce gastric juices that aid in digestion & mucus to create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach  
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pylorus   is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine  
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pyloric sphincter   is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine  
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small intestine   extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine  
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Size of the small intestine:   a coiled organ up to 20 feet in length  
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The small intestine consists of 3 sections where food   is digested & the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream  
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duodenum   is the first portion of the small intestine. It extends from the pylorus to the jejunum.  
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jejunum   is the middle portion of the small intestine. It extends from the duodenum to the ileum.  
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ileum   is the last & longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine.  
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large intestine   extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. It is about twice as wide as the small intestine, but only 1/4 as long.  
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The major parts of the large intestine are:   cecum, colon, rectum & anus  
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cecum   is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen  
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ileocecal sphincter   is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine  
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vermiform appendix   commonly called the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum.  
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vermiform   refers to a worm-like shape  
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colon   the longest portion of the large intestine  
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ascending colon   travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver  
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ascending   means upward  
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transverse colon   passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen  
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transverse   means across  
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descending colon   travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon  
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descending   means downward  
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sigmoid colon   is an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above & joins with the rectum below  
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rectum   the widest division of the large intestine, makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestin & ends up at the anus  
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anus   the lower opening of the digestive tract. The flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the internal anal sphincter & the external anal sphincter  
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anorectal   refers to the anus & rectum as a single unit  
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an/o   means anus  
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rect   means rectum  
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-al   means pertaining to  
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liver   a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; removes toxins from the blood & turning food into the fuel & nutrients the body needs  
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The liver removes excess glucose   commonly known as blood sugar from the bloodstream & stores it as glycogen, which is a form of starch  
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When the blood sugar level is low,   the liver converts glycogen back into glucose & releases it for use by the body  
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bilirubin   the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, is released by the liver in bile  
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bile   aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver  
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biliary tree   provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine  
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biliary   means pertaining to bile  
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common hepatic duct   known as the trunk  
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The bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters & exits through the narrow   cystic duct  
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common bile duct   formed by the cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct  
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pancreatic duct   the common bile duct joins here & together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine  
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gallbladder   a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver  
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cholecystic   means pertaining to the gallbladder  
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cholecyst   means gallbladder  
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pancreas   a soft 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach; this gland has important roles in both the digestive & endocrine systems  
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The pancreas produces & secretes   pancreatic juices that aid in digestion & contain sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids & digestive enzymes  
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pancreatic duct   the pancreatic juices leave the pancreas through here that joins the common bile duct  
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digestion   the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use  
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digestive enzymes   are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body  
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metabolism   includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients  
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metabol   means change  
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metabolism consists of 2 parts:   anabolism & catabolism  
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anabolism   is the building up of body cells & substances from nutrients  
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catabolism   is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy & carbon dioxide  
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absorption   is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body  
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mastication   AKA chewing, breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva  
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bolus   is a mass of food that has been chewed & is ready to be swallowed  
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During swallowing,   food travels from the mouth into the pharynx & on into the esophagus  
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In the esophagus,   food moves downward through the action of gravity & peristalsis  
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peristalsis   is a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction  
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gastic juices of the stomach contain   hydrochloric acid & digestive enzymes to begin the digestive process  
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chyme   is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter & into the small intestine  
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emulsification   in the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice & bile. The bile breaks apart large fat globules so enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats  
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