Anatomy
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mouth | begins preparation of food for digestion
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pharynx | transports food from the mouth to the esophagus
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esophagus | transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
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stomach | breaks down food & mixes it with digestive juices
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small intestine | completes digestion & absorption of most nutrients
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large intestine | absorbs excess water & prepares solid waste for elimination
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rectum & anus | control the excretion of solid waste
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liver | secretes bile & enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats
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gallbladder | stores bile & releases it to the small intestine as needed
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pancreas | secretes digestive juices & enzymes into small intestine as needed
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The major structures of the digestive system include: | oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anus
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The accessory organs of the digestive system include: | liver, gallbladder & pancreas
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gastr/o | stomach
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intestin | intestine
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-al | pertaining to
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upper GI tract | consists of the mouth, esophagus & stomach
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lower GI tract is made up of: | the small & large intestines (sometimes referred to as the bowels) plus the rectum & anus
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The major structures of the oral cavity: | AKA the mouth, are the lips, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth & the periodontium
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lips | AKA labia, form the opening to the oral cavity
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The lips also have important roles in: | breathing, speaking & the expression of emotions
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palate | forms the roof of the mouth
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hard palate | is the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane
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rugae | are irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane
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soft palate | is the flexible posterior portion of the palate. It has the important role of closing off the nasal passage during the swallowing to prevent food & liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
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uvula | hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During the swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate. It also plays an important role in snoring & in the formation of some speech sounds
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tongue | is very strong, flexible & muscular. It aids in speech & moves food during chewing & swallowing.
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dorsum | the upper surface of the tongue
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papillae | small bumps on the dorsum
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sublingual surface of the tongue & the tissues that lie under the tongue | are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues
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it is the presence of this rich blood supply under the tongue that makes it suitable for | administering certain medications by placing them sublingually where they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream
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periodontium | consists of the bones & soft tissues that surround & support the teeth
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gingiva | commonly known as the gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches & lines the cheeks
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dentition | refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper & lower jaws
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incisors & canines | AKA cuspids; used for biting & tearing
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bicuspids & molars | used for chewing & grinding
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primary dentition | AKA the deciduous dentition or baby teeth, consists of 20 teeth that are normally lost during childhood & replaced by the permanent teeth. These teeth include: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars & no premolars
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permanent dentition | consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime. These teeth include: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars & 12 molars
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edentulous | means without teeth
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crown | the portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth
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enamel | hardest substance in the body; what teeth are covered with
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roots | hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch
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salivary glands | secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
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parotid glands | located on the face in front of & slightly lower than each ear
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sublingual glands & their ducts are located | on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
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submandibular glands & their ducts are located | on the floor of the mouth near the mandible
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esophagus | is the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
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lower esophageal sphincter | AKA the cardiac sphincter or the gastroesophageal sphincter, is the muscular ring controls the flow between the esophagus & the stomach
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stomach | is a sac-like organ composed of the fundus (upper rounded part), body (main portion) & antrum (lower part)
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rugae | are the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach. Glands located within these folds produce gastric juices that aid in digestion & mucus to create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach
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pylorus | is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
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pyloric sphincter | is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
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small intestine | extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine
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Size of the small intestine: | a coiled organ up to 20 feet in length
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The small intestine consists of 3 sections where food | is digested & the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
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duodenum | is the first portion of the small intestine. It extends from the pylorus to the jejunum.
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jejunum | is the middle portion of the small intestine. It extends from the duodenum to the ileum.
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ileum | is the last & longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine.
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large intestine | extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. It is about twice as wide as the small intestine, but only 1/4 as long.
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The major parts of the large intestine are: | cecum, colon, rectum & anus
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cecum | is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen
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ileocecal sphincter | is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
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vermiform appendix | commonly called the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum.
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vermiform | refers to a worm-like shape
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colon | the longest portion of the large intestine
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ascending colon | travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
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ascending | means upward
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transverse colon | passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen
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transverse | means across
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descending colon | travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
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descending | means downward
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sigmoid colon | is an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above & joins with the rectum below
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rectum | the widest division of the large intestine, makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestin & ends up at the anus
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anus | the lower opening of the digestive tract. The flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the internal anal sphincter & the external anal sphincter
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anorectal | refers to the anus & rectum as a single unit
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an/o | means anus
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rect | means rectum
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-al | means pertaining to
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liver | a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; removes toxins from the blood & turning food into the fuel & nutrients the body needs
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The liver removes excess glucose | commonly known as blood sugar from the bloodstream & stores it as glycogen, which is a form of starch
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When the blood sugar level is low, | the liver converts glycogen back into glucose & releases it for use by the body
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bilirubin | the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, is released by the liver in bile
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bile | aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver
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biliary tree | provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
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biliary | means pertaining to bile
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common hepatic duct | known as the trunk
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The bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters & exits through the narrow | cystic duct
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common bile duct | formed by the cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct
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pancreatic duct | the common bile duct joins here & together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine
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gallbladder | a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver
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cholecystic | means pertaining to the gallbladder
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cholecyst | means gallbladder
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pancreas | a soft 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach; this gland has important roles in both the digestive & endocrine systems
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The pancreas produces & secretes | pancreatic juices that aid in digestion & contain sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids & digestive enzymes
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pancreatic duct | the pancreatic juices leave the pancreas through here that joins the common bile duct
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digestion | the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
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digestive enzymes | are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body
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metabolism | includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
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metabol | means change
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metabolism consists of 2 parts: | anabolism & catabolism
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anabolism | is the building up of body cells & substances from nutrients
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catabolism | is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy & carbon dioxide
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absorption | is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
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mastication | AKA chewing, breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva
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bolus | is a mass of food that has been chewed & is ready to be swallowed
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During swallowing, | food travels from the mouth into the pharynx & on into the esophagus
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In the esophagus, | food moves downward through the action of gravity & peristalsis
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peristalsis | is a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction
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gastic juices of the stomach contain | hydrochloric acid & digestive enzymes to begin the digestive process
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chyme | is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter & into the small intestine
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emulsification | in the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice & bile. The bile breaks apart large fat globules so enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats
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