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Introduction to Sociology

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
deviance   the recognized violation of cultural norms  
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crime   the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law  
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social control   attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior  
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crimnal justice system   the organizations - police, courts, prison officals - that respond to alledged violations of the law  
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labeling theory   the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions  
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stigma   a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a persons self-concept and social identity  
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medicalization of deviance   the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition  
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white-collar crime   crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations  
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corporate crime   the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf  
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organized crime   a business supplying illegal goods or services  
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hate crime   a criminal act against a person or a persons property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias  
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crimes against the person (violent crimes)   crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others  
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crimes against property (property crimes)   crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others  
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victimless crimes   violations of law in which there are no obvious victims  
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plea bargaining   a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendents guilty plea  
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retribution   an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime  
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deterrence   the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment  
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rehabilitation   a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses  
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societal protection   rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution  
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criminal recidivism   later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes  
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community-based corrections   correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls  
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social stratification   a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy  
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social mobility   a change in position within the social hierarchy  
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caste system   social stratification based on ascription, or birth  
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class system   social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement  
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meritocracy   social stratification based on social merit  
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status consistency   the degree of uniformity in a persons social standing across various dimensions of social inequality  
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structural social mobility   a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due to changes in society itself then to individual numbers  
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ideology   cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality  
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Davis-Moore thesis   the assertion that social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society  
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capitalists   people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits  
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proletarians   people who sell their labor for wages  
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alienation   the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness  
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blue-collar occupations   lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor  
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white-collar occupations   higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity  
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socioeconomic status (SES)   a composite ranking based in various dimensions of social inequality  
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conspicuous consumption   buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position  
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income   earnings from work or investments  
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wealth   the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts  
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intragenerational social mobility   a change in social position occuring during a person's lifetime  
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intergenerational social mobility   upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents  
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relative poverty   the lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more  
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absolute poverty   a lack of resources that is life-threatening  
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feminization of poverty   the trend of women making up increasing proportion of the poor  
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