Week 3
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Taste-chemical sense | Gustation - sensation of taste
results from action of chemicals on taste buds
Lingual papillae
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Taste Buds | Taste cells
apical microvilli serve as receptor surface
synapse with sensory nerve fibers at their base
Supporting cells
Basal cells
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Physiology of Taste | Molecules must dissolve in saliva
1. Sweet - concentrated on tip
2. Salty - lateral margins
3. Sour - lateral margins
4. Bitter - posterior
5. Umami - taste of amino acids (MSG)
Influenced by food texture, aroma, temperature, and appearance
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Innervation of taste buds | facial nerve (VII) - anterior 2/3’s of tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - posterior 1/3
vagus nerve (X) - palate, pharynx, epiglottis
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Smell-chemical sense | Olfactory mucosa
contains receptor cells for olfaction
highly sensitive
up to 10,000 odors
on 5cm2 of superior concha and nasal septum
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Physiology of Smell | Molecules bind to receptor on olfactory hair
hydrophilic - diffuse through mucus
hydrophobic - transport by odorant-binding protein
Loss of smell onasmia
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The nature of sound | Sound - audible vibration of molecules
vibrating object pushes air molecules
Vestibularcochlear: Cranial Nerve VIII
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PItch and loudness | Pitch - frequency vibrates specific parts of ear
hearing range is 20 (low pitch) - 20,000 Hz (cycles/sec)
speech is 1500-4000
Loudness – amplitude; intensity of sound energy
Audioometer: Hearing
Tempanometer: motility of TM
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Outer Ear | Fleshy auricle (pinna) directs air vibrations down external auditory meatus
cartilagenous and bony, S-shaped tunnel ending at eardrum
glandular secretions and dead cells form cerumen (earwax)
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Anatomy of middle ear | Middle Ear: TM, Malleus, Incus, Stappes
Air-filled tympanic cavity in temporal bone between tympanic membrane and oval window
continuous with mastoid air cells
Auditory/Estacion tube connects middle ear to throat
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Middle ear | Contains
auditory tube (eustachian tube) connects to nasopharynx
equalizes air pressure on tympanic membrane
ear ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
stapedius and tensor tympani muscles attach to stapes and malleus
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Inner Ear | Inner Ear: Oval window, Round window,
Bony labyrinth - passageways in temporal bone
Membranous labyrinth - fleshy tubes lining bony tunnels
filled with endolymph (similar to intracellular fluid)
floating in perilymph (similar to cerebrospinal fluid
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Anatomy of cochlea | Scala media (cochlear duct)
separated from
scala vestibuli by vestibular membrane
scala tympani by basilar membrane
Spiral organ (organ of corti)
Chochlear problems cause sensorineural hearing loss
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Physiology of Hearing-Middle Ear | Tympanic membrane
has 18 times area of oval window
ossicles transmit enough force/unit area at oval window to vibrate endolymph in scala vestibuli
Tympanic reflex – muscle contraction
tensor tympani m. tenses tympanic membrane
stapedius m. reduces m
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Cochlear Hair Cells | Stereocilia of Hair Cells
-bend in response to movement of basilar membrane
stimulates sensory dendrites at base
Action potentials then transmitted to brain along the cochlear portion of CN VIII
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Innervation of Inner ear | Vestibular ganglia - visible in vestibular nerve
Spiral ganglia - buried in modiolus of cochlea
Vestibular goes labrinth
Cochlear goes to semilunar/cochlear
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Auditory proessing center | Damage to either auditory cortex does not cause unilateral deafness (extensive decussation)
Complete hearing loss on one side peripheral nervous system on out
CNS will not present complete hearing loss on one side
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Equillibrium | Control of coordination and balance
Receptors in vestibular apparatus
semicircular ducts contain crista
saccule and utricle contain macula
Static equilibrium – perceived by macula
perception of head orientation
Dynamic equilibrium
perception of mot
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External Anatomy of Eye | Superciliary ridge
Eyebrow
Eyelashes
Palpebral fissure
Lateral commissure
Tarsal plate
Pupil
Superior palpebral sulcus
Upper eyelid
Iris
Scelra
Medial commissure
Lower eyelid
Inferior palpebral sulcus
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Eyebrows | Eyebrows provide facial expression
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Eyelids | Eyelids (palpebrae)
block foreign objects, help with sleep, blink to moisten
meet at corners (commissures)
consist of orbicularis oculi muscle and tarsal plate covered with skin outside and conjunctiva inside
tarsal glands secrete oil that reduces tea
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Conjunctiva | Transparent mucous membrane lines eyelids and covers anterior surface of eyeball except cornea
Richly innervated and vascular (heals quickly)
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Lacrimal Apparatus | Tears flow across eyeball help to wash away foreign particles, help with diffusion of O2 and CO2 and contain bactericidal enzyme
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Extrensic eye muscles | 6 muscles inserting on eyeball
4 rectus, superior and inferior oblique muscles
Innervated by cranial nerves III, IV and VI
SO4 (cranial nerve IV)
LR6 (cranial nerve VI)
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Tunics of eyes | Fibrous layer - sclera and cornea
Vascular layer - choroid, ciliary body and iris
Internal layer - retina and optic nerve
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Optical components | Structures refract light to focus on retina
cornea:transparent cover on anterior surface of eyeball
aqueous humor: serous fluid posterior to cornea, anterior to lens
lens: changes shape focus light
vitreous humor: jelly fills space btw lens/retina
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Aqueous humor | Produced by ciliary body, flows to posterior chamber through pupil to anterior chamber - reabsorbed into canal of Schlemm
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Cataracts | clouding of lens
aging, diabetes, smoking, and UV light
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Glaucoma | death of retinal cells due to elevated pressure within the eye
obstruction of scleral venous sinus
colored halos and dimness of vision
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Neural components | Includes retina and optic nerve
Retina
forms as an outgrowth of the diencephalon
attached at optic disc and at ora serrata
pressed against rear of eyeball by vitreous
Dettached retinas interrupt vision causing visual fields deffects
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Detached retina | Blow to head or lack of vitreous
Blurry areas in field of vision
Disrupts blood supply, leads to blindness
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Principles of refraction | Light striking the lens or cornea at a 90 degree angle is not bent.
Cornea refracts light more than lens does
due to shape of cornea
lens becomes rounder to increase refraction for near vision to, aqueous humor bends, lens bends,then to brain
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Near response/Emmetropia | Allows eyes to focus on nearby object (that sends oblique light waves to eyes)
convergence of eyes
eyes orient their visual axis towards object
constriction of pupil
blocks peripheral light rays and reduces spherical aberration (blurry edges)
accomod
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Hyperopia | farsighted (eyeball too short)
correct with convex lenses
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Myopia | nearsighted (eyeball too long)
correct with concave lenses
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Photoreceptor cells | Photoreceptors
rod cells (night - scotopic vision)
outer segment - stack of coinlike membranous discs studded with rhodopsin pigment molecules
cone cells (color - photopic vision)
outer segment tapers to a point
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Scotopic system | Rods sensitive – react even in dim light
extensive neuronal convergence
Edges of retina have widely-spaced rod cells, act as motion detectors
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Color vision | Primates have well developed color vision
nocturnal vertebrates
have only rods
Cones named for absorption
peaks of photopsins
Color perception based on mixture of nerve signals
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Color Blindness | Hereditary lack of one photopsin
red-green is common (lack either red or green cones)
incapable of distinguishing red from green
sex-linked recessive (8% of males)
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Stereoscopic vision | Depth perception - ability to judge distance to objects requires 2 eyes with overlapping visual fields
panoramic vision has eyes on sides of head (horse)
Fixation point
farther away requires image focus medial to fovea
closer results in image focus la
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Visual projection pathway | Some visual fields cross
Right Lateral Field R
Left Medial Field R
Left Lateral Field L
Right Medial Field L
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Visual Info processing | Some processing occurs in retina
adjustments for contrast, brightness, motion and stereopsis
Visual association areas in parietal and temporal lobes process visual data
object location, motion, color, shape, boundaries
store visual memories (words)
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Created by:
teyonka
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