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Anatomy Chapter 2 s.a.p.

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Plasma Membrane   Serves as an external barrier; acts as transport of substances into or out of the cell; externally facing proteins act as receptors (for hormones, neurotransmitters, etc) and in cell-to-cell recognition.  
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Cytoplasm   Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol containing dissolved solutes, inclusions (stored nutrients, pigment granules), and organelles, the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm.  
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Ribosomes   The sites of protein synthesis.  
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Rough ER   Makes proteins that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell's membrane.  
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Smooth ER   Site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detox.  
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Golgi Apparatus   Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.  
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Lysosomes   Sites of intracellular digestion.  
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Mitochondria   Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell.  
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Peroxisomes   Enzymes that detoxify a number of toxic substances; catalase (the most important enzyme) breaks down hydrogen peroxide.  
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Microtubules   Support the cell and give it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements; form centrioles.  
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Microfilaments   Involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell's cytoskeleton.  
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Intermediate Filaments   The stable cytoskeletal elements; resist tension forces acting on the cell.  
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Centrioles   Organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form spindle and asters; form the bases of cilia and flagella.  
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Nucleus   Control center of the cell; responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing the instructions for protein synthesis.  
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Nuclear Envelope   Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus.  
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Nucleoli   Site of ribosome subunit manufacture.  
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Chromatin   Granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins; DNA that constitutes the genes.  
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Cytoskeleton   An elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytosol, acting as a cell's "bones", "muscles", and "ligaments". (The three types of rods are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.)  
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Microtubules   (Cytoskeleton) Elements with the largest diameter, hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins.  
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Microfilaments   (Cytoskeleton) Elements with the thinnest structure, made of strands of the protein actin.  
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Intermediate Filaments   Most stable and permanent of the (cytoskeleton) elements, made of tough, insoluble protein fibers.  
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