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bioogy reveiw for the 2010 sol test

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Question
Answer
6 steps of the scientific method   (1) observation (2) hypothesis (3) experiment (4) collect data (5) conclusion (6) retest  
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what is the act of gathering information about a system or enviornment using one or more of the five senses?   observation  
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what is information collected during an experiment?   data  
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what is an "educated guess" or predictable solution to a problem?   hypothesis  
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what are factors that change/can be measured in an experiment?   variables  
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what is the variable that you change on perpose?   independent variable  
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what is the variable that changes as a result of the IV?   dependent variable  
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what is a level of IV used as a standard for comparison?   control  
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what are things that are kept the same in the experiment?   constants  
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in grphing what variable is recorded on the x axis?   independent  
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in grphing what variable is recorded on the y axis?   dependent  
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what happens in a direct relationship?   both IV and DV either increase together or decrease together  
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what happens in an inverse relationship?   the IV and the DV do different things (one increases and one decreases)  
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what molecules is what made of?   2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen  
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how is a water molecule kept together?   covalent bonds  
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what is a polar structure?   a structure with a slightly positive side and a slightly negative side  
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is water polar?   yes  
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what is the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule?   a hydrogen bond  
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True or False: Water has a low molecular heat which means that it takes a lot of energy to increase its temperature   False it has a high moleculare heat  
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what is the universal solvent and why?   water because it can dissolve substances to be more easily transported throughout an organism  
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what is it called when water molecules stick together?   cohesion  
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what is it called when water molecules stick to other sustances?   adhesion  
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what is it called when water molecules move up a stem using adhesion?   capillary action  
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True or False: Carbohydrates are organic compounds   True  
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what is the funtion of a carbohydrate?   a source of energy  
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what is a monosaccharaide?   on sugar (glucose)  
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what is a disaccharide?   two sugars (sucrose, maltose, lactose)  
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what is a polysaccharide?   many sugars (cellulose, starch, and glycogen)  
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what are non-polar and insoluable in water?   lipids  
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what are lipids made of?   three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule  
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what is a lipids function?   to store energy  
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what is the function of a protein?   to control the rate of reaction and regulate cell processes  
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what kind of proteins help speed up chemical reactions?   catylists  
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what are proteins made of?   amino acids  
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how are amino acids held together?   peptide bonds  
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what is dipeptide?   two amino acids  
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what is polypeptide   three or more amino acids  
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what is nucleic acid made of?   nucleotides  
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what does a nucleotide consist of?   a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base  
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what are two types of nucleic acid?   DNA and RNA  
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what stores genetic information?   DNA  
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what is essential for protein synthesis?   RNA  
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True or False: Enzymes are lipids.   Flase, they are proteins  
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what increases the reaction by lowering the activatoin energy?   enzymes  
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what forms temporary enzyme sustrate compleses?   enzymes  
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what is not affected or changed by the reaction?   enzymes  
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True or False: enzymes do not make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all.   True  
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on the ph scale 6-0 is what?   increasingly acidic  
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on the ph scale 7 is what?   neutral  
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on the ph scale 8-14 is what?   incresingly basic  
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what is the photosynthetic equation?   6CO2+6H2O----(with light)--->6O2+C6H12O6  
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what is the site of photosynthesis?   chloroplasts  
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what are three things that effect the rate of photosynthesis?   temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide consentration  
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what is the equation for cellular resperation?   6O2+C6H12O6--------->6CO2+6H2O+ATP  
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what is the site for cellular resperation?   mitochondria  
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how are photosynthesis and cellular resparation a continuous cycle?   ones output is the others input  
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what is the cell theory?   (1) all livingthings are made of one or more cells (2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function for living things (3) all cells come from pre0existing cells  
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who observed the first cell from cork and coined the term "cell"   Robert Hooke  
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who obsereced microscoic cells from pond water?   Anton van Leewenhoek  
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who studied plant cells?   Matthais Schleiden  
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who studied animal cells?   Theodor Schwann  
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who concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells?   Rudolph Virchow  
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what lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (ex: bacteria)   prokaryotes  
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what has a true nucleus and organelles (ex: plants)   eukaryotes  
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what is the command center of the cell where DNA is located?   nucleus  
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what is a small organelle inside the nucleus that helps make ribosomes   nucleolus  
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what are small organelles in the cytoplasm that make proteins?   ribosomes  
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what is the transportation system of the cell?   the endoplasmic reticulum  
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what is the packing and shipping center of the cell?   the golgi apparatus  
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what contains digestive nezymes and breaks down a cells old parts and debris?   lysosomes  
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what is the storage tank of a cell?   vacuoles  
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what is the power center of the cell that produces ATP?   mitochondria  
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what organelle does photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll?   chloroplast  
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what assists in cell division?   centrioles  
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what is the medium inside a cell in which organelles are suspended?   cytoskeleton  
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what is the layer that surrounds the cell?   cell membrane  
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what is composed of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi   cell wall  
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does passive transport require energy?   no  
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passive transport is also known as what?   diffusion  
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in passive transport substances move fromm what consentration to what concentration?   high to low  
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what is a unique type of passice transport in which a membrane protien is used to shuttle ions and molecules across the membrane (still from high to low)   facilitated diffusion  
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what is the special term applied to the movment of water molecules across the cell membrane (as a result of diffusion)?   osmosis  
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what is water in is equal to water out   isotonic  
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what is water moves into the cell quicker than out of the cell   hypotonic  
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what is water moves out of the cell quicker than into the cell   hypertonic  
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does active transport require energy?   yes  
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in active transport substances move from what concentration to what concentration?   low to high  
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what is taking materials into the cell by infolding?   endocytosis  
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what are two forms of endocytosis?   phagosytisis and pinocytosis  
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what is it called when the vacuole membrane fuses with the cell membrane forcing a substance out   exocytosis  
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what are two types of active transport proteins?   sodium-potassium pump and proton pump  
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how does bacteria reproduce?   binary fission  
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what is a process in which eukayotic cells make an identical copy?   mitosis  
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what are the stages of mitosis?   prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis  
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in what stage of mitosis do chromosomes codense and become visible, the nuclear envelope disappears, and the centrioles begin to move away from each other?   prophase  
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in what stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?   metaphase  
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in what stage of mitosis do sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and slowly move to opposite poles?   anaphase  
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in what stage of mitosis doesthe nuclear membrane begin to form around each new set of chromosomes?   telaphase  
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in what stage of mitosis doesthe cell pinch forming two daughter cells?   cytokinesis  
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what is a process by which sexually reproducing organisms maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation?   meiosis  
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chromosomes exist in pairs called what?   homologous chromosomes  
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True or False: All cells in the human body are haploid except sex cells which are diploid.   False, all are diploid and sex cells are haploid  
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how many rounds of mitosis does meiosis require?   two  
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how many cells are there at the end of meiosis?   four  
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what is the study of heredity?   genetics  
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who is the father of genetics who studied offspring of pea plants?   Gregor Mendel  
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True or False: an allele can be homozygous or heterozygous.   True  
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True or False: the recessive trait is blocked by the dominant trait.   True  
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what does a capital letter represent in genetics?   a dominant trait  
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what does a lowercase letter represent in genetics?   a recessive trait  
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what is a genotype?   the genetic makeup  
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what is a phenotype?   the appearance  
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what is the same TT or tt (pure)?   homozygous  
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what is defferant Tt hybrid?   heterozygous  
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what is the first generation called?   the P generation  
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what are the offspring of the P generation called?   first fillial or F1 generation  
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what are the offspring of F1?   F2  
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what is a table using letters to represent possible genotypes?   Punnet Square  
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what studies two traits at the same time?   a two-factor cross  
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what is blending (red and white flowers produce pink flowers)   Incomplete Dominance  
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what is it when both traits are expressed together (ex: AB blood)   Codominance  
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True or False: the DNA structure is a double helix or twisted ladder.   True  
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who determined the double helix structure of DNA and made the first model or DNA?   Watson and Crick  
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what is each strand of DNA made up of?   repeating subunits called nucleotides  
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waht does each nucleotide consist of?   a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base  
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a nucleotide in DNA contains one of what four bases?   adenine, thymine, cytosine,or guanine  
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which base binds with adenine?   thymine  
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which base binds with cytosine?   guanine  
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what is Chargoff's rule?   base pairing  
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does DNA directly produce proteins?   no  
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what is transcription?   DNA to RNA  
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what is translation?   RNA to protein  
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what are the molecules that carry copies of the instructions?   messanger RNA  
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what are the molecules that form part of the ribosomes?   ribosomal RNA  
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what are the molecules that brings each amino acid to the ribosome?   transfer RNA  
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where is messenger RNA made and processed?   cytoplasm  
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after being made, where does messenger RNA go?   nucleus  
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what are groups of three bases?   codons  
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how does messenger RNA carry messages of DNA?   in the form of codons  
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when messenger RNA binds to a ribosome what does the transfer RNA with the appropriate anticodon do?   bring the amino acid to the ribosome  
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how are amino acids linked?   peptide bonds  
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what is formed when many amino acids are bonded by peptide bonds?   a polypeptide protein  
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what is a change in one or more of the nucleotide bases?   a mutation  
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what causes a mutation?   a mistake while copying DNA  
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what causes a frameshift?   insertion or deletion  
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what does a frameshift affect?   everything from that point on  
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what is a change in the number or structure of chromosomes?   chromosomal mutation  
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what kind of mutation is it when the segment is moved to non-homologous chromosome?   translocation  
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what kind of mutation is it when a segment is repeated?   duplication  
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what kind of mutation is it when a segment of a chromosome is lost?   deletion  
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what kind of mutation is it when a segment is inserted in reverse orientation?   inversion  
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what is a genetic disorder when blood fails to clot (sex-linked trait)?   hemophelia  
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what is building recombinant DNA?   genetic engeneering  
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what is recombinant DNA?   DNA constructed from the DNA of differant organisms  
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how is DNA cut?   restriction enzymes  
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what is it called when bacteria take up the recombinant DNA and express the new trait?   transgenetic  
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what are the seven levels of classificaton (in order)?   (domain), kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species  
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why is a scientific name needed?   the common name changes from place to place  
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what are humans scientific name?   Homo sapiens  
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what kingdom consistes of prokayotic organisms that are single celled, and lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls?   archaebacteria  
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what kingdom consistes of prokaryotic organisms and are called "true bacteria"?   eubacteria  
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what kingdom consistes of eukayotic organisms, most are unicellular and some are multicellular?   protista  
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what kingdom consistes of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls of chitin and are decomposers?   fungi  
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what kingdom consistes of eukayotic, autotrophic, multicellular organisms with a cell wall of cellulose?   plantae  
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what kingdom consistes of eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls (most move)?   animalia  
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what invertibrate has no true tissues (sponges)?   perifera  
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what invertibrate has a hollow digestive cavity with tenticles (jellyfish and hydra)?   cnidarians  
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what invertibrate has three layers of cells and bilateral symmetry (flatworms)?   Platyhelminthes  
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what invertibrate has digestive system with mouth and anus and are round?   nematoda  
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what invertibrate has a closed circulatory system and is segmented (earthworm)?   annelida  
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what invertibrate has a soft body, a hard shell (in some), and three main body regions?   Molluska  
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what invertibrate has a segmented body, jointed appendages and an exoskeleton?   arthropoda  
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what invertibrate has dpiny skin and radial symmetry (starfish, sea urchin)?   echinoderms  
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what vertibrate is a jawless fish?   tunicates and lancelets  
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what vertibrate is a fish with a skeleton of cartilage?   chondrichthyes  
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what vertibrate is a fish with skeleton and bones?   osteichthyes  
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what vertibrate breathes through gills/lungs/moist skin, and has a three chambered heart?   amphibia  
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what vertibrate is ectothermic, has scales, a three chambered heart and waterlight eggs?   reptilia  
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what vertibrate is endothermic, has wings and a four chambered heart?   aves  
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what vertibrate is endothermic and has hair and milk to feed its young?   mammalia  
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what kind of plant has no true roots, stems or leaves?   nonvascular plants  
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what kind of plant has tru roots, stems, leaves, and a vascular system?   vascular plants  
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what is a group of organisms of the same species that live together in a particular location?   population  
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what are all of the populations lining in a specific location?   community  
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what is the community of organisms in an area, as well as the nonliving factors ofthe enviorment?   ecosystem  
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what are the living and non-living portions of Earth that sustain life?   biome  
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what is a non-living factor?   abiotic  
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what is a living factor?   biotic  
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what is an organism if it produces its own food?   autotrophic  
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what is an organism if it gets food from other organisms?   herotrophic  
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what is a heterotroph that eats plants?   herbivore  
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what is a heterotroph that eats meat?   carnivore  
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what is a heterotroph that hunts for food?   decomposer  
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what is a heterotoph that eats material that is already dead?   detritivore  
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what is a heterotroph that eats both plants and animals?   omnivore  
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what is it calle when two organisms live together with close relationship?   symbiosis  
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what form of symbiosis is it when one organism benefits and one is unaffected?   commensalism  
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what form of symbiosis is it when barnacles attach to a whale's scin?   commensalism  
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what form of symbiosis is it when both organisms benefit?   mutualism  
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what form of symbiosis is it when insects pollinate plants?   mutualism  
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what form of symbiosis is it when one organism benefits and the other is harmed?   parasitism  
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what form of symbiosis is it when fleas attach to an organisms?   parasitism  
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what is the harmed organism in parasitism?   host  
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what is the process by wich individuals that are better suited to the enviorment survive and reproduce most sucessfully?   natural selection  
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what is the selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variations among different organisms?   artificial selection  
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what are populations of organisms that can be interbreeded?   species  
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what are small changes in a species?   microevolution  
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what are large changes in a species?   macroevolution  
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what are four major points of evidence of the threory of evolution?   (1) fossil record (2) geographic distibution of species (3) homologous structures (4) symilarities in embryology  
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why does variation exist?   disease  
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what do individuals best suited for survival leave more of?   offspring  
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what body system supports the body, protects the internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation?   skeletal  
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what body system contains bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons?   skeletal  
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what body system works with the skeletal system to provide voluntary movement, helps to circulate blood and moves food through the digestive system?   muscular  
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what body system contains skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?   muscular  
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what body system serves as a barrier agains infection and injury, helps to regulate blood temperature, and provides protection agains ultraviolet radiation from the sun?   integumentary  
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what body system contains skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands?   integumentary  
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what body system converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body, absorbs food and eliminates waste?   digestive  
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what body system contains mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum?   digestive  
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what body system brings oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells, fights infection, removes all waste and helps to regulate body temperature?   circulatory  
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what body system contains heart, blood vessals, and blood?   circulatory  
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what body system controls growith, deevelopment, and metabolism and maintains homeostasis?   endocrine  
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what body system contains hypothalymus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,adrenals, pancrease, and ovaries or testes?   endocrine  
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what body system recognizes and coordinates the body's response to changes in it's internal and external enviornment?   nervous  
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what body system contains the brain, spinal chord and periferal nerves?   nervous  
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what body system helps to protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessals and returns the fluid to the circualtory system?   immune or lymphatic  
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what body system contains white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymph vessals?   immune or lymphatic  
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what body system eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis?   uninary or excratory  
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what body system contains skin, lings, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethera?   urinary or excratory  
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what body system provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and moves excess carbon dioxide form the body?   respiratory  
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what body system contains nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs?   respiratory  
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who discovered the first vaccine against anthrax?   Pasteur  
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who perfected the simple microscope, observed cells and microorganisms and discovered protozoa?   Leewenhoek  
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who published the book "micrographia" that contained drawings of sections of cork as seen through an early microscope?   Hooke  
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who proposedthat all cells came from pre-existing cells, completing the cell theory?   Virchow  
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who concluded that all plants are made of cells?   Schleidan  
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who concluded that all animals are made of cells?   Schwann  
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who studied viruses, and concluded that the genetic material of a bacteriophage is DNA?   Hershey and Chase  
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who developedthe first double helix model of the structure of DNA?   Watson and Crick  
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who discovered that since the ability to cause disease was inherited by the transformed bacterias offspring, the transforming factor might be a gene?   Griffith  
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who discovered many new species, studied fossils, traveled to the Galapagoes Islands, discovered evolution and wrote the origin of species?   Darwin  
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