Life Span Development
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developmental psychology | the study of the changes that occur in people from birth through old age
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cross-sectional study | a method of studying developmental changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time
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cohort | a group of people born during the same period in historical time
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longitudinal study | a method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives
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biographical (retrospective) study | a method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing people's past through interviews and inferring the effects of past events on current behaviors
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prenatal development | development from conception to birth
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embryo | a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception
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fetus | a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth
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placenta | the organ by which an embryp or fetus is attached to its mother's uterus and that nourishes it during prenatal development
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teratogens | toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects
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critical period | a time when certain internal and extrenal influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | a disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy that is characterized by facial deformities, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments
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neonates | newborn babies
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rooting reflex | the reflex that causes a newborn baby to turn its head toward something that touches its cheek and to grope around with its mouth
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sucking reflex | the newborn baby's tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth
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swallowing reflex | the reflex that enables the newborn baby to swallow liquids without choking
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grasping reflex | the reflex that causes newborn babies to close their fists around anything that is put in their hands
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stepping reflex | the reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface
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temperament | characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation
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developmental norms | ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones
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maturation | an automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time
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sensory-motor stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations
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object permanence | the concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight
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mental representations | mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event
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preoperational stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion
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egocentric | unable to see things from another's point of view
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concrete-operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of development between 7 and 11 years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else's point of view, though thinking is limited to concrete matters
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principle of conservation | the concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in appearance
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formal-operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 11 and 15 years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought
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babbling | a baby's vocalizations, consisting of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations
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holophrases | one-word sentences commonly used by children under 2 years of age
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language acquisition device | a hypothetical neural mechanism for acquiring language that is presumed to be "wired into" all humans
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imprinting | the tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched
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attachment | emotional bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort
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autonomy | sense of independence; a desire not to be conrolled by others
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socialization | process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture
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solitary play | a child engaged in a recreational activity alone; the earliest form of play
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parallel play | two children playing side by side at similar activities but paying little or no attention to each other; the earliest kind of social interaction between toddlers
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nonshared environment | the unique aspects of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings even though they are reared in the same family
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cooperative play | two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction
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peer group | a network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support
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gender identity | a little girl's knowledge that she is a girl, and a little boy's knowledge that he is a boy
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gender constancy | the realization that gender does not change with age
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gender-role awareness | knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender
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gender stereotypes | general beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have
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sex-typed behavior | socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls
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growth spurt | a rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence
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puberty | the onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development
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menarche | first menstrual period
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imaginary audience | Elkind's term for adolescents' delusion that they are constantly being observed by others
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personal fable | Elkind's term for adolescnets' delusion that they are unique, very important, and invulnerable
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identity formation | Erickson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself
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identity crisis | a period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of identity formation
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cliques | groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment
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midlife crisis | a time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jovs or personal lives and attempts to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle
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midlife transition | according to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future
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menopause | the time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases
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Alzheimer's disease | a neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characterized by progressive losses in memory and cognition and changes in personality
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