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Life Span Development

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developmental psychology   the study of the changes that occur in people from birth through old age  
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cross-sectional study   a method of studying developmental changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time  
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cohort   a group of people born during the same period in historical time  
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longitudinal study   a method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives  
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biographical (retrospective) study   a method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing people's past through interviews and inferring the effects of past events on current behaviors  
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prenatal development   development from conception to birth  
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embryo   a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception  
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fetus   a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth  
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placenta   the organ by which an embryp or fetus is attached to its mother's uterus and that nourishes it during prenatal development  
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teratogens   toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects  
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critical period   a time when certain internal and extrenal influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect  
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)   a disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy that is characterized by facial deformities, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments  
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neonates   newborn babies  
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rooting reflex   the reflex that causes a newborn baby to turn its head toward something that touches its cheek and to grope around with its mouth  
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sucking reflex   the newborn baby's tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth  
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swallowing reflex   the reflex that enables the newborn baby to swallow liquids without choking  
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grasping reflex   the reflex that causes newborn babies to close their fists around anything that is put in their hands  
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stepping reflex   the reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface  
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temperament   characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation  
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developmental norms   ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones  
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maturation   an automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time  
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sensory-motor stage   In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations  
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object permanence   the concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight  
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mental representations   mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event  
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preoperational stage   In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion  
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egocentric   unable to see things from another's point of view  
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concrete-operational stage   in Piaget's theory, the stage of development between 7 and 11 years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else's point of view, though thinking is limited to concrete matters  
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principle of conservation   the concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in appearance  
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formal-operational stage   in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 11 and 15 years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought  
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babbling   a baby's vocalizations, consisting of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations  
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holophrases   one-word sentences commonly used by children under 2 years of age  
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language acquisition device   a hypothetical neural mechanism for acquiring language that is presumed to be "wired into" all humans  
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imprinting   the tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched  
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attachment   emotional bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort  
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autonomy   sense of independence; a desire not to be conrolled by others  
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socialization   process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture  
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solitary play   a child engaged in a recreational activity alone; the earliest form of play  
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parallel play   two children playing side by side at similar activities but paying little or no attention to each other; the earliest kind of social interaction between toddlers  
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nonshared environment   the unique aspects of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings even though they are reared in the same family  
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cooperative play   two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction  
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peer group   a network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support  
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gender identity   a little girl's knowledge that she is a girl, and a little boy's knowledge that he is a boy  
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gender constancy   the realization that gender does not change with age  
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gender-role awareness   knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender  
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gender stereotypes   general beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have  
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sex-typed behavior   socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls  
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growth spurt   a rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence  
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puberty   the onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development  
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menarche   first menstrual period  
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imaginary audience   Elkind's term for adolescents' delusion that they are constantly being observed by others  
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personal fable   Elkind's term for adolescnets' delusion that they are unique, very important, and invulnerable  
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identity formation   Erickson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself  
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identity crisis   a period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of identity formation  
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cliques   groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment  
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midlife crisis   a time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jovs or personal lives and attempts to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle  
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midlife transition   according to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future  
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menopause   the time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases  
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Alzheimer's disease   a neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characterized by progressive losses in memory and cognition and changes in personality  
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