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Nerves: Davi-Ellen Chabner The Language of Medicine 8th Edition

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Question
Answer
Microscopic, individual nerve cell:   Neuron  
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Macroscopic bundles of neurons:   Nerves  
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Nerves carry _________ messages.   Electrical  
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Stimuli (External & Internal) activate cell membranes of nerve cells in order to...   release stored electrical energy within the cells.  
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Energy released & passed through the length of the nerve cell is called the   Nervous impulse.  
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External receptor are _____ organs.   Sense  
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Two major divisions of nervous system:   Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System.  
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The Peripheral Nervous System consists of these four things:   Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, plexuses & peripheral nerves throughout the body.  
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The CNS consists of these two things:   Brain & spinal cord.  
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Cranial nerves carry impulses between the:   Brain and head/neck. Except the 10th (vagus) nerve.  
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The 10th cranial nerve is called ______ & carries messages to and from the _______, _____, & _____.   Vagus nerve. Mesagges between neck, chest, & abdomen.  
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Spinal nerves carry messages between the ________ and the _____, _____, & _____.   Spinal cord, chest, abdomen, extremities.  
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Cranial nerves 1, 2, 3, 4, 6   1.Olfactory (smell) 2.Optic (vision)3. Oculomotor (eye movement) 4. Abducens (em) 6. Trochlear (em).  
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Cranial nerves 5, 7, 8   5. Trigeminal (forehead/scalp sensation, cheek sensation, chewing) 7. Facial (face/scalp movement, taste, ear sensation) 8. Vestibulocochlear (hearing, balance).  
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Cranial nerves 9, 11, 12   Glossopharyngeal (tongue/throat sensation, throat movement), Accessory (swallowing, head/shoulder movement), Hypoglossal (speech, swallowing).  
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Carry messages TO the brain: _____ nerves.   Sensory / afferent  
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Carry messages FROM the brain: _____ nerves.   Motor / efferent  
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Mixed nerves carry both _____ & _____ fibers.   Sensory & motor  
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Sense receptors:   Sight (eye), hearing/balance (ear), smell (olfactory.  
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Cranial/spinal nerves are mainly ________, involving sensations of ____(5).   Voluntary; smell, taste, sight, hearing, muscle movement.  
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Peripheral nerves are primarily _____, part of the ________ nervous system.   Involuntary, autonomic.  
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Efferent nerves carry messages away from the CNS to the   glands, heart, blood vessels, & involuntary muscles found in the walls of tubes (intestines, hollow organs).  
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Autonomic nerves can be _____ nerves or _____ nerves.   Sympathetic, parasympathetic.  
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Sympathetic nerves _____ the body. Heart rate is ________, Airways are _____Blood pressure is _____Adrenal glands stimulate _____ Intestinal processes _____   Stimulate. Heart rate is increased, Airways are dilated to allow more O2,Blood pressure is increased,Adrenal glands stimulate epinephrine (adrenaline), Intestinal processes inhibited, slowing digestion.  
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Parasympathetic nerves ________ the sympatheitc nerves. Heart rate is ____, Contract ____, BP is ____, stimulate peristalsis to _____, secretions are ____:   Balance. Heart rate is slowed, Contract pupils, lower BP, stimulate peristalsis to clear the rectum, increase secretions like saliva.  
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Plexus   Large network of nerves in the PNS.  
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Plexus examples are:   Cervical (neck), Brachial (arm), Lumbosacral (back).  
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The peripheral nervous system includes:   Cranial nerves (12 pair); Spinal nerves (31 pair); Autonomic nerves: Parasympathetic nerves, Sympathetic nerves  
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Nerve impulse pathway:   Stimulus from dendrites, cell body (containing cell nucleus), ganglion, axon, leaves cell via terminal end fibers, jumps the synapse to the next neuron.  
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Branching fibers of neuron:   Dendrites  
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Ganglia (pl); ganglion (s)   Small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain/spinal cord.  
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Axons can be covered with a:   myelin sheath.  
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Myelin sheath are a _____ tissue, and appear _____ (color).   Fatty, white.  
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Parts of brain & spinal cord appear _____ because they are not covered by a _____ _____.   Gray, myelin sheath.  
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To jump a synapse, a _____ substance, called a _____, is released by the axon it is traveling (from/to)?   chemical, neurotransmitter, traveling from.  
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Examples of neurotransmitters:   Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine, seratonin, endorphins.  
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Macroscopic structure in the nervous system, can be seen by the naked eye:   Nerve.  
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A nerve consists of:   A bundle of dendrites & axons, traveling together like rope.  
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_____ nerves from the peripheral nervous system carry impulses from the _____ organs to the _____ & _____. Examples are __(4).   Sensory/afferent, sense, brain, spinal cord. Skin, eye, ear, nose.  
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_____ nerves travel from the CNS to organs to produce a _____; organs such as muscles and glands.   Motor/efferent, response.  
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The essential work of the nervous system is done by the _____ & _____ by conducting impulses through the body; this is called the _____ tissue.   Neruons, nerves; parenchymal.  
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The _____ tissue of the nervous system has several types of specialized cells, collectively called the _____.   Stromal; glia/neuroglia.  
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The stromal tissues of the nervous system perform what functions?   Supportive, protective, connective tissue cells. Holds the nervous system together, wards of infection & injury via phagocytosis.  
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Engulfing waste products & foreign material is called:   Phagocytosis  
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Glial cells do/do not transmit impluses.   Do not transmit impulses.  
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There are far more neurons than glial cells, or more glial cells than neurons?   More glial cells.  
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Glial cells can/can not reproduce.   Can reproduce.  
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Four types of supporting/glial (neuroglial) cells are:   Astrocytes (astroglial cells), Microglial cells, Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes), & Ependymal cells.  
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_____ (type of glial cells): Star like, transport water & salts between capillaries & neurons.   Astrocytes / astroglial cells. (astr/o = star).  
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_____ (type of glial cells): Small cells with many branching processes. As phagocytes, they protect neurons in response to inflammation.   Microglial cells.  
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_____ (type of glial cells): Few (scanty) dendrites - form the myelin sheath.   Oligodendrocytes / oligodendroglial cells.  
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_____ (type of glial cells): Line membranes within the brain & spinal cord where CSF circulates.   Ependymal cells (ependyma = upper garment).  
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The protective barrier betweenthe blood and brain cells is called the:   Blood-brain barrier.  
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Associated with blood vessels & regulate passage of potentially harmful substances from the blood in the nerve cells of the brain.   Glial cells, especiall astrocytes.  
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Neurotransmitters are stored in _____ in the terminal end fibers of _____.   Vessicles, axons.  
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Neurotransmitters are picked up by receptors on the _____, and activity is ended by _____ when they have finished their jobs.   Dendrites, inactivators.  
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