The language of medicine 8th edition chapter 10 nervous system
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| CNS is composed of? | The brain and spinal cord
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| Efferent nerves carry impulses | away from the CNS
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| Afferent nerves carry impulses | towards the CNS
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| Two types of autonomic nerves | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| slows the body down which slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates peristalsis to clear the rectum. | parasympathetic
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| stimulate the body in time of stress which increases heart rate, dilates airways, blood pressure goes up, stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete epinephrine, and slows digestion | sympathetic
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| Ganglia | group of cells or tissues that occur outside the brain and spinal cord
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| Ganglia singular | ganglion
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| An individual nerve cell is a | Neuron
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| Multiple sclerosis occurs when | the myelin sheath is destroyed and replaced with plaque
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| blephar/o | Eyelid
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| atel/o | Incompleate
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| apoplexy | Stroke
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| -lexia | Word, phrase
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| -extra | outside
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| What is CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) | Fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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| Dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to recieve the nervous impulse
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| Axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
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| Astrocyte | A type of glial (Neurologlial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.
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| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends (synapses) of nerve cells.
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| Blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
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| Arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord
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| ANS (Autonomic Nervous system) | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands and internal organs.
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| Brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord.
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| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
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| Cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.
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| Cerebellum | Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
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| Cerebral Cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells;grey matter of the brain.
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| Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity.
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| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
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| Dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
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| Ependymal cell | A glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.
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| cerebell/o | cerebellum
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| cerebr/o | cerebrum
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| dur/o | dura mater
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| encephal/o | brain
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| gli/o | glial cells
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| lept/o | thin, slender
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| mening/o | membranes, meninges
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| my/o | muscle
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| myel/o | spinal cord
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| neur/o | nerve
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| pont/o | pons
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| radicul/o | nerve root
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| thalam/o | thalamus
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| thec/o | sheath(refers to the meninges)
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| vag/o | vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
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| alges/o | excessive sensitivity to pain
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| -algia | pain
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| caus/o | burning
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| comat/o | deep sleep (coma)
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| esthesi/o | feeling, nervous sensation
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| kines/o | movement
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| -kinesia | Movement
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| -lepsy | seizure
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| lex/o | word, phrase
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| -paresis | weakness
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| -phasia | speech
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| -plegia | paralysis
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| -praxia | action
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| -sthenia | strength
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| syncop/o | to cut off, cut short
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| tax/o | order, coordination
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| Pons | Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connection various parts of the brain. (Latin pons means bridge)
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| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature and secretions from the pituitary gland
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| medulla oblongata | Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.
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| meninges | Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| myelin sheath | White fatty tissue that surrounds, and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons.
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| Nerve | Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
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| neuron | Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body
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| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, chich can be a nerve cell, muscle cell of gland cell.
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| Peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal and autonomic nerves.
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| pia mater | Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges.
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| Plexus | Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical and crachial plexuses.
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| Receptor | Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to the nerves within the body. The skin, ears, eyes and taste buds are receptors.
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| Sensory nerves | Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor
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| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin.
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| Stimulus (stimuli plural) | Agent of change (light, sound and touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
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| stroma | Connective and supporting tissue of an organ.Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
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| sulcus (sulci plural) | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
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| synapse | Space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another cell such as muscle or gland cell.
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| Thalamus | Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.
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| Vagus nerve | Tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus and stomach.
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| Ventricals of the brain | Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Hydrocephalus | Abnormal accumulation for fluid(CSF) in the brain
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| Spina Bifida | Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts.
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| Alzheimer disease | Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia) with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning.
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| Epilepsy | Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
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| Multiple Sclerosis | Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue
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| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem.
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| Huntington Disease | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
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| myasthenia gravis (MG) | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
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| Parkinsons Disease | Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles and slowness of movement.
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| Palsy | Paralysis(partial or compleate loss of moto function)
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| Tourette syndrome | Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words
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| Herpes Zoster (Shingles) | Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
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| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges
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| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)encephalopathy | Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS
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| Brain tumor | Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges.
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| cerebral concussion | Temporary brain dysfunction ( brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours.
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| cerebral contusion | Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer then 24 hours
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
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| meningi/o | membranes, meninges
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| -kinesis | movement
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| -kinetic | Movement
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| -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain
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| -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation
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| kinesi/o | movement
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Samples of CSF are examined
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| cerebral angiography | X-Ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel system in the brain after injection of contrast material.
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| Computed tomography (CT) of the brain | X-Ray technique that generates computerized cross-sectional images of the brain and spinal cord
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| myelography | X-Ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain | Magnetic and radio waves create an image of the brain in all three planes.
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) scan | Computerized radiologic technique useing radioactive glucose to image the metabolic activity of cells.
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| Doppler/ultrasound studies | Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracrania arteries.
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain
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| Lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae
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| Stereotactic radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain
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| AD | Alzheimer disease
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| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein
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| ALS | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- Lou Gehrig;s disease
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| meningi/o | membranes, meninges
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| -kinesis | movement
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| -kinetic | Movement
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| -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain
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| -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation
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| kinesi/o | movement
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Samples of CSF are examined
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| cerebral angiography | X-Ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel system in the brain after injection of contrast material.
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| Computed tomography (CT) of the brain | X-Ray technique that generates computerized cross-sectional images of the brain and spinal cord
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| myelography | X-Ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain | Magnetic and radio waves create an image of the brain in all three planes.
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) scan | Computerized radiologic technique useing radioactive glucose to image the metabolic activity of cells.
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| Doppler/ultrasound studies | Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracrania arteries.
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain
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| Lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae
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| Stereotactic radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain
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| AD | Alzheimer disease
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| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein
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| ALS | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- Lou Gehrig's disease
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| AVM | Arteriovenous malformation
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| CNS | Central nervous system
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| CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid
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| CT | Computed tomography
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| CVA | Cerebrovascular accident
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| EEG | Electroencephalography
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| GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Neurotransmitter)
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| ICP | Intracrainial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg)
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| LP | Lumbar puncture
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| MAC | Monitored anesthetic care
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| MG | Myasthenia gravis
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| MRA | Magnetic resonance angiography
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| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
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| MS | Multiple sclerosis
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| 1/2P | Hemiparesis
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| PET | Positron emission tomography
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| PSRS | Proton stereotactic radiosurgery
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| Sz | Seizure
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| TBI | Traumatic brain injury
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| TENS | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations
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| TIA | Transient ischemic attack
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| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator; a clot dissolving drug used as therapy for strokes
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| diencephalon | highest portion of the brain stem
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