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A and P test 2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
_______ do the binding   Proteins  
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Tight Junctions   -Proteins of adjacent membranes fuse together -Needed for barriers -Prevents movement of muscles between cells  
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Gap Junctions   -Cell Membranes dont touch -Hollow tubes connect to other cell -Tubes called connexons -Used for cell communication -Ions flow from one cell to the other  
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Desmosomes   -Anchoring Junctions -Support/reinforce areas -Prevent tearing of tissue -Withstands stress  
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What are the four types of tissues?   Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nerve  
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Epithelium   -Forms barriers -Covers or lines organs -Entirely cellular -Avascular -Associated with connective tissue -Highly mitotic -Simple:one layer -Stratified: many layers  
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Simple squamous epithelium - Function   -Found in places needed for exchange of nutrients.  
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Simple squamous epithelium - Location   Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity.  
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Stratified squamous epithelium - Function   Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. -No diffusion  
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Stratified squamous epithelium - Location   Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.  
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Simple columnar epithelium - Function   -have goblet cells -Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances  
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Simple columnar epithelium - Location   Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.  
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Transitional epithelium - Function   -stratified -outer cells are domed -Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine  
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Transitional epithelium - Location   Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.  
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Cuboidal epithelium - Function   -often called secretory -secretion and absorption -simple or stratified -forms glands and ducts  
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Cuboidal epithelium - Location   Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface  
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Gland   A cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or into the blood. Most of the time, and organ.  
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Glands secrete material obtained from ______?   Blood  
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Gland classified by...   Where they put their secretions  
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Endocrine glands   -Secrete hormones -often called ductless glands -secretes hormones directly into extra cellular space, which then enters the blood  
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Exocrine glands   -secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities -Exampls: Salivary, Sweat  
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What is the most abundant type of tissue in the body?   Connective  
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Functions of Connective tissue   Support, connection, body defense  
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What is considered a connective tissue?   Blood  
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General Characteristics of Connective tissue   -Almost always vascular -Mitotic capabilities, but slower then epithelial  
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Connective tissue is composed of...   -Cells -ECM  
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What is ECM made of?   Fluid, protein fibers, water, and carbohydrates  
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What are the three main types of protein fibers?   Collagenous, elastic, reticular  
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Collagenous fibers   -support -tendons, ligaments  
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Elastic fibers   -flexible support  
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Reticular fibers   -makes the support system for soft organs -stroma (internal skeleton of soft organs)  
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Most cells of connective tissues are...   Fibroblasts (young)  
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Fibroblasts   -most numerous -secretes lots of ECM  
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What are the three specialized cells of connective tissue?   Osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes  
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Macrophages   -Eat up bacteria -Dispose of dead tissue cells -Peppered throughout loose connective tissue  
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What are the seven types of connective tissue?   Loose, adipose, reticular, dense, cartilage, osseous, blood  
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Adipose(specialized - Function   - Closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet -Provides reserve food fuel -Insulates against heat loss -Supports and protects organs  
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Adipose(specialized) - Location   -Under skin in the hypodermis -around kidneys and eyeballs -within abdomen -in breasts  
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Loose (areolar) proper - Function   -Filler -Supporting and binding other tissues -holding body fluids -defending against infection -storing nutrients as fat  
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Loose (areolar) proper - Location   In some but not all connective tissue  
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Reticular connective tissue - Function   Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages  
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Reticular connective tissue - Location   Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).  
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Dense Connective Tissue - Function   -proper -non randomly arranged -very resistent to stress -attaches muscle to bones or to muscles  
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Dense Connective Tissue - Location   Found in tendon and ligaments and dermis  
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Cartilage   -consists of chrondroblasts that make new cell matrix until the skeleton stops growing -made of collagen, elastin, and water -matured chrondoblasts, chrodrocytes, found in lacunae -avascular  
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Cartilage location   located in ends of bones and joints  
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Osseous (bone) tissue   -osteocytes in lacunae -has collagen and calcium -Haversion systems  
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Blood   -vascular -ECM: Plasma + water + solutes -classified as tissue because it is made from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells  
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Muscle Tissue general characteristics   -highly cellular -specialized to contract -generate heat -amitotic (dont regrow)  
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Muscle Tissue functions   -movement -posture -temperature regulation  
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The four kinds of muscle tissue are...   Skeletal, cardiac, smooth  
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Skeletal Muscle   -attached to skeleton -long fibers -more than one nucleus -striated -contractions -easily fatigued -voluntary control  
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Cardiac Muscle   -found in middle layer of heart -forms myocardium -uninucleate -branched striated cells -intercolated disks (only in cardiac muscle) -involuntary control -doesnt fatigue  
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Smoothe Muscle   -not as many nuclei as dense -spindle shaped -uninucleate -nonstriated -peristalsis -involuntary  
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Nerve Tissue   -consists of neurons and neuroglia  
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Neurons   -carry messages -cell body: nucleus -axons and dendrites -amitotic  
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Neuroglia   -surround and support neurons -mitotic -no messages  
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Functions of skin   -Protection -Sensation -Excretion -Synthesis of Vitamin D -Body Temperature regulation -Blood reservoir  
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Skin protects us from...   -Mechanical injury -Chemical injury -Bacterial Infection -Dehydration -UV radiation  
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Structure of the skin. Superficial to deep   Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis (not part of the skin)  
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Epidermis   Stratified Squamous Epithelium Divided into 5 layers  
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What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?   Statum Germinatium Stratum Spinosum Statum granulosum Stradium Lucidum Statum Corneum  
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Statum Germinatium   -Closest layer to dermis (lowest) -mitotic  
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Stratum Spinosum   -8 layers -large nuclei  
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Statum granulosum   -cant really see nucleous -lots of granules  
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Stradium Lucidum   -only in palms and soles -clear  
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Statum Corneum   -horny layer -houses melanin  
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Dermis   -Composed of dense connective tissue -Site of vitamin D production  
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What are the two layers of the dermis?   Papillary (causes fingerprints) and reticular  
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Hypodermis   -Loose connective tissue and adipose -not part of the skin  
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Hair Function   Protection  
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Each hair consists of...   Shaft and root  
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Hair follicle   Grounded in the stratum germanatium Mitotic  
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Arrector Pili Muscles   -responsible for goosebumps -smooth muscle  
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Nail   -Keratinized cells of epidermis  
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Nails consist of....   Nail Body and Nail Root  
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Lunula   Crescent shaped white area Can be used to find disease  
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Name three glands...   Sebaceous, sudoriferous, cerumen  
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Sebaceous   -Connected to hair follicle  
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Sudoriferous (sweat) two types   apocrine -emotion eccrine - temperature  
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Three burns are...   Superficial - epidermis Partial Thickness -party into the dermis Full Thickness - often down into the hypodermis  
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Enzyme activity at peak performance at.....   98.6 F  
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Heat loss =   Heat production  
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80% of our heat loss occurs through...   Skin  
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15-20% of heat is lost thought...   breath, feces, urine  
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Heat is a byproduct of...   Cellular Metabolism  
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When you exercise...   -Blood vessels in dermis dialte to get more blood to skin -Sweat glands activate  
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What other systems help when you exercise?   Cardiovascular - heart rate increases Respiratory - Breathing rate increases  
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Decrease in body temperature...   Blood vessels in skin contract Sweat glands become inactive A further decrease causes muscles to contract to create heat  
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What temperature is hypothermia?   91-94 F  
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Why is epithelium always associated with connective tissue   Because epithelium is avascular so it needs the blood vessels in the connective tissue for nourishment.  
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Why is epithelium sensitive to chemotherapy?   Because chemotherapy attacks cell in mitosis and epithelium undergoes mitosis frequently (every 2-3 days)  
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What type and kind of tissue contains cilia and goblet cells? Where do you find this tissue?   Ciliated columnar epithelium, trachea is one location  
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Which tissue contains intercalated disks?   Cardiac  
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What do Cardiac and Skeletal muscle have in common? How are they different?   Common: striated, ability to contract Different: number and position of nuclei, voluntary vs involuntary  
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Which kind of connective tissue does not have a lot of extracellular matrix?   Adipose  
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Which 2 connective tissues contain very little water in their ECM?   Osseous and Adipose  
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