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Psychology (Zimbardo, Weber, Johnson) Ch.1

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Question
Answer
Psychology defined is:   the science of behavior and mental processes.  
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Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the:   scientific method.  
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Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the scientific method to:   test ideas empirically.  
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Psychology is a science that seeks to:   describe, explain, predict, and control individual behavior and mental processes.  
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Psychologists draw on what main perspectives?   Cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural.  
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Psychology's six main view points are the   cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural perspecteves.  
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What is psychology?   the scientific study of mind and behavior.  
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How do psychologists look at behavior and mental processes?   The biological view, cognitive view, psychodynamic view, humanistic view, behavioral view, and sociocultural view.  
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How do psychologists research?   They use the scientific method to test ideas empirically.  
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What are the goals of psychology?   Its goals are to describe, explain, predict, and control individual behavior and mental processes.  
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A scientific study should begin with   a hypothesis/problem.  
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What should a scientific experiment begin with?   It must begin with a hypothesis/problem.  
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The conditions involving the independent variable could also be thought of as the:   stimuli.  
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Random assignment of subjects to different experimental conditions can control for differences between:   the experimental and control groups.  
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The only form of research that can determine cause and effect is:   an experiment / experimental study.  
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What form of research can determine cause and effect?   An experimental study.  
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In what kind of research does a scientist have most control over variables that might affect the outcome of the study?   In an experimental study.  
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Unlike religion, art, and humanities, a science involves testing its theories against:   firsthand observations.  
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Examples of pseudopsychology are:   ESP, Handwriting analysis, fortune telling, ect...  
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Basic psychologists work:   in expanding knowledge.  
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Basic psychologists are:   the teachers, researchers doing the experimenting, and/or publishing results.  
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Applied psychologists work:   with people - in the real world - solving problems.  
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Examples of applied psychologists are:   I/O (industrial and organizational) psychologists, sports psychologists, clinical and counseling psychologists, rehabilitation psychologists, engineering psychologists, school psychologists, ...  
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Applied psychologists use the knowledge developed by whom, to what?   Applied psychologists use knowledge developed by experimental or basic psychologists to tackle human/everyday problems.  
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Emotional bias is   the tendency to make judgments based on personal attitude or opinions, rather than rational analysis of data.  
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Who is considered the father of scientific psychology?   Wundt.  
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Virtually all psychiatrists, but only some psychologists treat:   mental disorders.  
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Psychiatry is what kind of specialty?   Medical.  
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What type of degree do psychiatrists hold?   MD (Medicinae Doctor / Doctor of Medicine).  
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What type of degree do psychologists hold?   PhD, PsyD, or such.  
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What's pseudopsychology?   False or unsubstantiated assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology.  
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Define psychiatry.   A medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.  
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Define confirmation bias.   The tendency to note only evidence that confirms your beliefs or expectations, while neglecting evidence that doesn't.  
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What year did the 'father of psychology' found the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology? His name?   1879. William Wundt.  
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How is bias overcome in relation to experiments?   Replication of data/results.  
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The scientific method is a way of putting what to what kind of test?   Ideas; an objective pass-fail test.  
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Modern psychology's scope is broader than the Greek concept of 'psyche' how?   It studies behavior as well as the mind.  
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An "operational definition" can be (blank) objectively.   observed.  
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Movies are an example of what kind of illusion?   Optical.  
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Our eyes have (blank), but our (blank) fills in the holes.   blind spots; brain  
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The three main steps of the scientific method are   the hypothesis (which is the cause & effect between thought and behavior), the testing (experiment, data collection, & analysis), and the conclusion (accept/regect hypothesis).  
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Empirical investigation relies on   data (sensory experience & observation), not hunches  
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Define 'operational definition'.   Objective descriptions of concepts involved in a scientific study.  
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Research studies that take place over a long period of time are known as   longitudinal research.  
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Positive correlation means that as one variable increases   the other one does too.  
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Negative correlation means that as one variable increases   the other one decreases.  
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The five psychological methods / types of psychological research:   naturalistic observation, case study, correlational study, survey, & experiment.  
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Which is the only scientific psychological method / research?   Experiment.  
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The other psychological methods are (blank) and nonscientific.   passive  
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Which of the five psychological methods are passive/nonscientific?   Naturalistic observation, survey, correlational study (adds prediction), case study (Experiment is scientific).  
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Experiment is scientific because of   manipulation & control.  
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Structuralism -   (Wundt) What's mind & it's structure? Introspection.  
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Functionalism -   (James) How does your brain help you function?  
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Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic -   (Freud) the unconcious.  
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Humanistic -   born good/innocent, free will/choice, personal meaning, existentialism.  
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Behaviorism -   (Watson) focuses on behavior, ignores mental process.  
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Cognitive -   re-emphasis on mental processing because of imergence of brain scan technology.  
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Gestalt -   German word 'whole'. Big picture. "The whole(perception) is greater than the sum of it's parts." Brain perception.  
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The 7 Old Schools / early schools of psychology?   Structuralism(Wundt), functionalism(James), psychoanalytical/psychodynamic(Freud), humanistic, behaviorism(Watson), cognitive, & gestalt.  
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Our DNA is exactly how alike to chimps?   98.4%  
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Humans differ from each other in DNA by   only 0.1%  
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Independent variable-   (manipulate) cause. Have at least a control group & experimental group.  
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Dependent variable-   (measure) supposed effect.  
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Double-blind study:   to avoid expectancy bias, the researchers are kept in the dark as well as the subjects.  
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Single-blind study:   the subjects are kept in the dark.  
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Evolution-   change over time.  
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Modern evolutionary psychology-   we are who we are today because of the more adaptable past humans.  
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Chromosomes-   the overall genetic unit (appearance KX).  
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DNA-   splice/segment of chromosome (the double helix).  
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Genes-   piece of DNA responsible for a specific chemical (protien or enzyme).  
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Humans have about how many genes?   30,000  
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Humans have how many chromosomes?   46  
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Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?   23  
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The 5 parts of a neuron:   dentrite, soma(cell body w/ nucleus inside), axon, myelin sheat(fat coating), terminal buttons.  
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5 important neurotransmitters:   Seratonin(lack causes depression), Dopamine(excess causes paranoia-cocaine), Epinephrine(adrenaline/fightorflight), Norepinephrine(calms/slows), Endorphine(body natural morphine).  
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Nerves or nerve pathways are bundles of many   neurons.  
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Plasticity is   the brains ability to change/repair itself due to experience or damage.  
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Reflexes are   unconcious, involuntary responses.  
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Endocrine system is basically our   glands, which secrete hormones, which are chemicals, which are either inhibitory or excitatory.  
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3 Important glands:   1.) adrenal (epinephrine "fightorflight"), 2.) testies/ovaries (sex hormones, testosterone = agression, sex drive, hair growth), 3.) pituitary (sends signal from hypothalamus to all other glands).  
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3 major types of Complex Learning:   Classical (Pavlov), Operant (Skinner), Observational (Bandura).  
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2 major types of Primitive Learning:   habituation, mere exposure.  
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2 basic types of Synapses:   classical conditioning (CS+US like thunder & lightning), operant (if-then, punishment & reinforcement).  
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