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Duke PA pathology

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Answer
Pathology   Study of disease, focusing on physiologic, gross and microscopic morpholic changes in cells reacting to injury  
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Disease   "an impairment of the normal state of the living animal or plant body that affects the performance of the vital functions"  
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Etiology   cause of diseases  
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Idipathic   unknown etiology  
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latrogenic   "provider induced"  
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pathogenesis   is a description of the mechanisms by which disease develop  
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sign   objective evidence (a perceptible change) that signals disease  
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symptom   a patient's subjective experience or interpretation of the disease  
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syndrome   a group of signs and or symptoms that characteristically occur together as a part of a single disease process  
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pathognomonic   a sign, symptom of characteristic of a disease that leads to its accurate diagnosis  
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prognosis   reasonable predictions about the course of a disease or process taking into account the natural history, the expected effects of therapy and particular factors specific for the individual case  
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paraenchyma   functional elements of an organ e.g., myocardial cell of the heart, neuron of the brain  
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stroma   framework or support elements of an organ e.g., connective tissue  
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lesion   any pathological abnormality of tissue structure or function  
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What does disease result from?   cumulative effects of injury to individual cells  
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How do different cell types respond to stress?   differently  
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How do consequences of cell injury differ?   depends on cell type  
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How do cells interact with their environment?   they are not static, must be able to adapt  
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What do cells need to perform functions and maintain viability?   energy  
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Deficiency   lack of necessary substance  
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Types of deficiency   nutritional deficiency, inability to absorb or utilize nutrients, genetic defect leading to inadequate production or regulation  
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Intoxication   presence of a substance that interferes with cell function  
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Examples of endogenous intoxication   genetic defect, accumulation of metabolite  
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Examples of exogenous intoxication   infectious agents, chemicals, drugs (illegal and prescription)  
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Trauma   loss of structural integrity  
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Examples of trauma   hypothermia, hyperthermia, mechanical pressure, infections  
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Hypothermia   formation of ice crystals  
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hyperthermia   denaturation or oxidation of proteins  
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infections in trauma   cell rupture or lysis  
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hypoxia   state of tissue or cell oxygen deficiency  
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ischemia   oxygen deprivation due to lack of blood flow  
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What do cells need oxygen?   anearobic glycolysis = 2 ATP vs. oxidative phosphorylation = 36 ATP  
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What happens to cellular metabolism in state of hypoxia?   switches to anaerobic glycolysis as the primary source of energy  
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What happens if O2 is lacking because of ischemia?   inflow of substrate decreases and efflux of metabolic end-products slows - no incoming glucose, no taking out of waste products - toxic to cell  
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What do hypoxic cells consume first?   energy reserves  
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Energy reservers   creatine phosphates in muscle, adenine nucleotides break down  
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What happens to anaerobic glycolysis in state of hypoxia?   increase, with accumulation of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate  
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What cellular processes are impacted first during hypoxia?   ion transport  
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What happens when there is not enough energy to man ion pumps?   concentration gradient takes over  
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What is Na+/K+ ATPase needed for?   keep intracellular Na+ from rising  
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What happens when ion pump is off?   Na+ comes in and water follows  
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What happens to tissue osmolality when there is not enough energy for ion pumps to function?   increases due to catabolism within ischemic cells, water flows in passively  
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What is one of the first signs of ischemia?   swelling of the cell  
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Where does lipid accumulation occur the most?   liver  
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How does lipid accumulation affect lipoprotein synthesis?   impaired lipoprotein synthesis (ethanol, protein malnutrition)  
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How does lipid accumulation affect fatty acid oxidation?   decreased fatty acid oxidation (hypoxia)  
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How does lipid accumulation affect liberation of fat?   increased liberation of fat from peripheral stores (starvation)  
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How does starvation accumulate fat in liver?   fat stores in body are liberated and liver picks them up  
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What are the manifestations of cell injury?   acute cessation of specialized functions, persistent impairment of function after cessation of noxious stimulus, loss of ability to replicate  
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What are the three main mechanisms of cell injury?   deficiency, intoxication, trauma  
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