Computer Networks
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computer network | two or more computers connected via communication devices and media
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Internet | a collection of networks that link billions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals
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NPL | British network
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ARPANET | US network
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CYCLADES | French network
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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) | oversees research and sets standards and guidelines
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Internet 2 (I2) | develops and tests advanced Internet technologies
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Internet Service Provider (ISP) | company that provides access to the Internet to users or subscribers of its service
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Tier 1 | very high capacity WANs operated by very large telecom companies
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Tier 2 | regional WANs operated by large telecom companies
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Local Access ISPs | smaller WANs
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dial-up access | for connecting to the Internet; home or business; computer, modem regular telephone line
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high speed access | for connecting to the Internet; home or business; digital subscriber line
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World Wide Web | an information space of the Internet where electronic documents are identified by URL and interlinked by hyperlinks
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web browser | addition to ISP; software application that allows you to access and view web pages via their URL
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search engine | software program that searches for information on the web
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web crawler | a bot that constantly browses web sites to update an index
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Personal Area Network (PAN) | phone and headset size network
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Local Area Network (LAN) | a single building/campus network
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) | a community/city network
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Wide Area Network (WAN) | cities/countries network
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star topology | computers are connected to a central computer; all communications must go through the central computer; basis for most Wifi networks
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bus topology | all computers on the network can communicate with each other; Ethernet networks use this
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hub | small bus with several inputs connecting computers in a small area to the bus network
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repeater | device to connect two bus networks; amplifies signals
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bridge | device to connect two bus networks; any signals intended for a computer on the origin side are returned; only signals mean too r computer on the other side of the bridge are passed through; more efficient than repeater for big networks
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switch | like a bridge but it connects more than 2 bus networks
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router | a computer for connecting incompatible networks
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twisted-pair wire | regular phone lines; simplest and slowest
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coaxial cable | standard cable lines; copper wires surrounded by thick insulation
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fiber optics | fast, accurate, durable; electrons translated into light pulses; insanely expensive
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Client/Server Model | clients make requests; device on network is considered a server and other networks are considered clients; servers satisfy the requests of clients
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Peer to Peer (P2P) Model | devices on network provide service to and receive services from each other
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distributed systems | type of network communication; programs that are executed on different computers
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Cluster Computing | many independent computers work together to provide computating services comparable to a larger coputer
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Grid Computer | members of grid volunteer their computing power to the grid while not in use for themselves
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Cloud Computing | generally owned; huge pools of shared computers can be allocated for use by clients as needed
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redundancy | additional instances of network devices, equipment, and communications mediums are installed within the network infrastructure to ensure the network availability in case a device fails or is unavailable
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latency | amount of time a signal takes to traverse a network
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sensor network | devices distributed throughout a network to monitor environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, sound, etc.
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Network Interface Cards (NICs) | expansion card to connect to Ethernet
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Bluetooth | a type of short range wireless interconnection
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bandwidth | bit-rate of available information capacity
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Internet Protocol (IP) | manages how data travels on the Internet
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IPv4 | current 32 bit IP address format; allows for roughly 4 billion unique addresses
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IPv6 | multi-year transition to 128-bit IP address format happening right now
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routers | devices on Internet to keep packets moving; chooses best path to take at each intersection
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) |
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scalable | work with small and large networks
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redundant | have repeated elements
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fault tolerant | because of redundancy, networks won't collapse when part of it breaks down
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web page | electronic document; must follow HTTP protocol
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World Wide Web | collection of web pages
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website | collection of related web pages
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hyperlinks | built-in connections to other documents
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Domain Name System (DNS) | associates text names with device IP addresses
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DNS Servers | connect to Internet setup in a hierarchy to store and look up IP addresses
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DNS spoofing | when a hacker breaks into a DNS server and assigns the wrong IP address to a domain name; sends web page users to an imposter website when they are vulnerable
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registrars | agencies assigned by ICANN
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Top Level Domain (TLD) | suffix ont he end of a domain name
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sub domains | user that registers a domain name can extend that name to obtain identifiers for items that belong to that domain
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) | programming language used to created documents to be displayed on the web
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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) | style definitions used in HTML
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Java Applets | programs embedded into an HTML document
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Java Server Pages (JSP) | small pieces of executable code intertwined with traditional HTML content that are executed by the computer hosting the web page
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information security | the protection of data (information)
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confidentiality | prevents your personal data from being leaked
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data integrity | makes sure only certain people/software have access to change data
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malware | malicious software transferred to/executed on a computer
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virus | inserts itself into existing programs to corrupt data
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worms | autonomous program forwards itself to other computers
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Trojan Horses | enters disguised as harmless program
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spyware/sniffing software | collections info about computer activities and reports back to instigator
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phishing | obtaining into from victim and pretending to be benign
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Denial of Service (DoS) | overloads a computer with messages to distort activity
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spoofing | a computer pretending to be another computer by faking its IP address
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spam | unwanted junk email; not generally malicious
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firewall | network software that blocks dangerous/inappropriate messages from going in or out
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proxy server | limits access; software between client and server shielding client from harmful actions of the server
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antivirus software | software to detect and remove viruses and/or spyware
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spam filter | firewall intended to block unwanted mail; learns to identify spam by users reactions
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passwords | controls access to network but not data once it leaves the network
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encryption | coding and decoding messages so that if they are intercepted they cannot be interpreted
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symmetric encryption | sender and receiver have to have same encryption code
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public key encryption | public and private keys; public= always to send; private = opens
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digital certificates | used by to ensure website downloading is actually a secure website
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CAPTCHA | software to verify that a web form is submitted by a human not a machine
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intellectual property | original work to which one has the rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright or trademark
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copyright | the exclusive legal right to print, publish, sell, etc. the expression of an idea and authorize others to do the same
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patent | for inventions
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trademark | for identifiers like company names and logos
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World Intellectual Property Organization | an agency of the United Nations to promote and protect intellectual property
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Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) | a 1998 US copyright law intended to protect the rights of both the copyright owners and consumers which are usually in conflict
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Creative Commons License | license that enables free distribution of copyrighted work; owner sets up rules for the sharing of and building upon their work
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Open Source Software | license for software that makes the source code available for others to study, change, and distribute for any purpose; encourages a collaborative environment
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Crowd Sourcing | getting input or information from a large number of people, paid or unpaid
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Citizen Science | when professional scientists and people from the general public collaborate on specific studies
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net neutrality | the principle that Internet service providers and governments regulating the Internet should treat all data on the Internet the same, not discriminating or charging differentially
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