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Chapter 11 Vocab

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Term
Definition
gene pool   the total set of genes, including all alleles, that are present in a population at any one point in time  
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allele frequency   proportion of one allele, compared with all the alleles for that trait, in the gene pool  
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normal distribution   a distribution of numerical data whose graph forms a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical about the mean  
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microevolution   observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over a few generations  
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directional selection   a natural selection process in which one genetic variation is selected and that causes a change in the overall genetic composition of the population  
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stabilizing selection   a type of natural selection in which the average form of a trait is favored and becomes more common  
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disruptive selection   a type of natural selection in which two extreme forms of a trait are selected  
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gene flow   the movement of genes into or out of a population due to interbreeding  
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genetic drift   the random change in the allele frequency in a population  
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bottleneck effect   genetic drift that results from an event that drastically reduces the size of a population  
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founder effect   genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonized a new area  
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sexual selection   an evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of a individuals to attract or acquire mates appear with increasing frequency in a population; selection in which a mate is chosen on the basis of a particular trait or traits  
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium   condition in which a population's allele frequencies for a given trait do not change from generation to generation  
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reproductive isolation   a state in which a particular set of populations can no longer interbreed to produce future generations of offspring  
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specification   the formation of a new species as a result of evolution  
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behavioral isolation   isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior  
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geographic isolation   isolation between populations due to physical barriers  
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temporal isolation   isolations between populations due to barriers related to time, such as differences in mating periods or differences in the time of day that individuals are most active  
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convergent evolution   the process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment  
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divergent evolution   evolution of one or more closely related species; resulting from adaptations to different environmental condition  
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coevolution   the evolution of two or more species that is due to mutual influence often in a way that makes the relationship more mutually beneficial  
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extinction   the death of every member of a species  
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punctuated equilibrium   a model of evolution in which short periods of drastic change in species, including mass extinctions and rapid speciation, are separated by long periods of little or no change  
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adaptive radiation   a evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species  
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