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Transcription/Translation

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Term
Definition
Transcription   The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.  
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mRNA   A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.  
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Translation   The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule.  
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Ribosome   A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit.  
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Codon   A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.  
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RNA Polymerase   An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand.  
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Promoter   A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.  
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Terminator   In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA.  
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Transcription Unit   A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule.  
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TATA Box   A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.  
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Introns   A non-coding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing.  
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Exons   A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing.  
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tRNA   An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA.  
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rRNA   RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.  
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Mutation   A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus.  
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Mutagen   A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation.  
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Created by: Mr.Devine
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