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Pharmacology

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Question
Answer
Who do local anesthetics suppress pain?   By blocking sodium channels and impulse conduction on the neuron  
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How are local anesthetics classified?   As either esters or amides  
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What drugs are often used as adjuncts to local anesthetics?   Vasoconstrictors (i.e., epinephrine)  
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Does epinephrine prolong the effect of local anesthetics?   Yes  
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What are S/S of vasoconstrictor toxicity?   Palpitations, tachycardia, nervousness, and hypertension  
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What are the 3 common local anesthetics?   Lidocaine, procaine, and cocaine  
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When is cocaine most often used?   In nasal surgeries  
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What are some adverse effects of local anesthetics?   Excitation of CNS, bradycardia, cardiac arrest and hypotension  
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Is procaine still used often?   No  
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What is the most widely used local anesthetic?   Lidocaine  
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What is another use for lidocaine other than anesthesia?   Cardiac dysrhythmias (often as an IV push)  
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What is the injection of a local anesthetic into or near nerves that supply the surgical field but at a site distant from the field itself?   Nerve block  
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What should you assess while a patient is under the effects of a nerve block?   Their hands, feet, arms, and lower legs for peripheral pulses, temperature of skin.  
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What is essential in determining when giving a nerve block?   That the numbness goes down, not up.  
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What is a common adverse effect of spinal anesthesia?   Headache  
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When should you call the doctor regarding a headache from spinal anesthesia?   If it worsens when the patient gets up  
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