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Final exam study guide

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
general lab rules:   no food/drinks, hand washing, disposal  
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gram stain procedure & times:   crystal violet stain for 1 minute, gram iodine for 1 minute, decolorizer for 10-20 seconds, safranin stain for 1 minute  
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methods for manipulating cultured organisms while preventing contamination are called _______.   aseptic techniques  
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why is aseptic technique important?   to develop and maintain pure cultures, techniques for transferring growing organisms from a pure culture to a sterile medium without contaminants are essential  
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examples of aseptic techniques   flaming a wired loop, hand washing, wearing gloves  
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antibiotics are chemical compounds that selectively inhibit or kill microorganisms while causing little or no damage to animal cells   antibiotic susceptibility  
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composed of G(+) cocci, arranged in irregular "grape-like" clusters, important part of body's normal flora on skin, mucosal surfaces, and in the upper respiratory tract, some of the most disease causing organisms   staphylococcus  
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composed of G(+) cocci, arranged in chains, found in normal flora and upper respiratory tract, common in throat   streptococcus  
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importance of transport to urine cultures   urine often becomes contaminated as it passes out of the body, culturing should begin soon after collection before contaminants can multiply and distort results  
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caused by organisms that enter and multiply in the intestine   food infections  
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ingestion of preformed toxins   food intoxications  
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ex: E. coli, salmonella   food infections  
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ex: Staphylococcus aureus   food intoxications  
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actively growing or vegetative stage   trophozoite  
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dormant stage in the life cycle   cyst stage  
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where is S. aureus found at?   normal flora, usually in nostrils  
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where is S. epidermidis found at?   normal flora, skin and mucous membranes  
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what are the different types of hemolysis?   beta, alpha, and gamma  
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no hemolysis; results in NO change in blood agar   gamma hemolysis  
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hemolysins cause partial lysis of red blood cells; result is a green zone around colonies   alpha hemolysis  
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hemolysins cause complete lysis of red blood cells; result is a clear zone around colonies   beta hemolysis  
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why must skin around the wound be disinfected?   wounds can become infected with skin flora and it is important to be able to distinguish between organisms causing infection and normal flora  
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infection where pathogens are limited to a small area of the body (boils, abscenses)   local infection  
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an infection throughout the body (HIV, measles)   systemic infection  
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when a local infection spreads to another site in the body   focal infection  
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one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases   Neisseria gonorrhoeae  
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is neisseria gonorrhoeae gram negative or gram positive?   gram negative  
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neisseria gonorrhoeae is a common cause of what type of cancer?   cervical cancer  
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can neisseria gonorrhoeae live outside the human body?   no; it must be transmitted from one human to another to survive  
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N. gonorrhoeae can infect what?   any of the mucus membranes  
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pasteurization is named after who?   Louis Pasteur  
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relies on heating to reduce the number of organisms present in milk in order to make a safer product   pasteurization  
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today, pasteurization is used more for...   increasing the shelf-life of the product, than for preventing the spread of disease  
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at the time that pasteurization was developed, ______ were prone to infections of the _______ which could be transmitted to humans.   cattle; udder  
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method commonly used by public health facilities   colilert method  
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method rapid to set up and can easily distinguish E. coli from other enterics?   colilert method  
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what color appears when E. coli is present in colilert method?   bright yellow  
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in the colilert method, what does the yellow color indicate?   that lactose fermenters are present  
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in filtration method, the bacteria are grown on what?   eosin methylene blue agar (EMB)  
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is EMB selective or differential?   both  
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why is EMB selective?   it selects for enteric organisms because it contains bile salts  
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why is EMB differential?   it contains sugar lactose  
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in filtration method, colonies that can ferment lactose appear what color?   pink  
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colonies of E. coli have ________ when grown on EMB   a green sheen  
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filtering apparatus to collect the bacteria from 100ml of drinking water   filtration method  
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are yeasts or molds eukaryotes?   both  
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yeasts or molds are single cells?   yeasts  
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yeasts or molds are multicellular filamentous organisms?   molds  
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yeasts grow in a similar manner to ________, producing a creamy colony on agar media   bacteria  
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yeasts or molds grow as large filamentous colonies?   molds  
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is Candida albicans a type of yeast or mold?   yeast  
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are Aspergillus niger and Penicillum notatum yeasts or molds?   molds  
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purpose of crystal violet?   to stain the cell walls of both gram negative and gram positive organisms  
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purpose of gram's iodine?   acts as a mordant and causes crystal violet to form large crystals within the cell wall  
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purpose of decolorizer for gram-positive cells?   disolves crystal violet and dehydrates the thick cell wall of gram-positive cells (makes it hard for stain to leave cell wall so gram-positive stays purple)  
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purpose of decolorizer for gram-negative cells?   dissolves lipid in the outer membrane and washes crystal violet out of the thin peptidoglycan layer; gram-negative bacteria becomes colorless.  
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purpose of safranin?   stains all cells pink, but gram-positive cells remain strong purple color  
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the presence of bacteria in voided urine   bacteriuria  
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if an organism is resistant to an antibiotic that inhibits other flora, the drug can be added to the growth medium to select for the growth of the organism of interest   selective medium  
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contains a substance(s) that if used by the organism causes a visible change in the medium   differential medium  
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good ex. of differential/selective mediums; contains mannitol and pH indicator that changes color when mannitol is fermented and thus acid is produced   mannitol salt agar (MSA)  
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agar that contains substances that inhibit the growth of gram-positive organisms   Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)  
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an example of a differential media that is not selective   blood agar  
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chemical compounds that selectively inhibit or kill organisms while causing little or no damage to animal cells   antibiotics  
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one of the oldest methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a particular antibiotic against a specific type of bacteria   Kirby- brauer method  
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steps of kirby-brauer method:   mueller-hinton agar is inoculated with pure culture of an organism, filter paper disks w/ antibiotic are placed on agar surface, antibiotic diffuses thru the medium, after incubation the plates are inspected  
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a type of exotoxin   enterotoxins  
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conditions most commonly due to a sudden decrease in the normal intestinal flora following treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic   superinfection  
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cavities   dental carriers  
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the amount of oxygen microorganisms use when they metabolize the organic material in water or milk is called   Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)  
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fungi that display both morphologies depending on environmental conditions   dimorphic fungi  
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causes the illness popularly referred to as the "24 hour flu"   Norwalk virus  
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bacteria in the blood   bacteremia  
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blood poisoning, growth of bacteria in the blood   septicemia  
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enzyme used to distinguish between streptococci and staphylococci   catalase  
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the removal of oxygen can be followed using what?   methylene blue  
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what does CFU mean?   colony forming unit  
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