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Unit 1 Forensic Science

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Question
Answer
Michigan v. Tyler   a trial in which the verdict affirmed that a search warrant must be obtained quickly before a search can commence  
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Mincey v. Arizona   a trial in which the verdict affirmed that search warrants must be obtained if there is reasonable time to obtain them  
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Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals   the 1993 court case that made judges the gatekeeper of the admissibility of evidence into a court proceeding; often referred to as the Daubert standard  
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Frye v. United States   the 1923 court case that established the principle that scientific evidence is admissible only when it is accepted as reliable according to current scientific standards; is often referred to as the Frye standard  
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S I base unit   an SI unit that is not the result of the combination of other SI units; also known as a metric base unit; SIbase units are the basic, fundamental physical measurements  
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Locard's exchange principle   a key idea of criminalistics that states that whenever two objects come in contact with each other, there is a transfer of material between them  
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International System of Units (SI)   the international system, formed from the metric system of units, which is the standard of units in scientific and technical pursuits; in French, Systeme International d'Unites  
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microscopic crime scene   refers to the immediate, localized area of the place where a crime took place  
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laser scanning technology   a photography technique that allows for 3-D reconstruction of crime scenes  
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forensics   a shortened version of the term forensic science; the application of scientific processes to determine the facts of a crime  
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first responder   the police officers who initially appear at the crime scene  
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SI derived unit   an SI unit that is the result of the combination of two or more SI base units; also known as a metric derived unit  
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accuracy   Accuracy means how close a measurement is to the size of the object being measured.  
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adipocere   a soapy, waxy product of fat decomposition in dead bodies  
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chain of custody   the progression of signature accounting that follows evidence from crime scene to storage and states who has had custody of the evidence and when  
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comparison microscope   a modified compound or dissecting microscope that allows the observer to see a side-by-side comparison of two magnified images  
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coroner   a person who examines a corpse to determine cause of death  
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crime scene investigator   a forensic scientist who specializes in searching for evidence, collecting it, and preserving it  
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crime scene photographer   the person responsible for documenting a crime scene (or accident scene) with various forms of photographs  
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crime scene reconstruction   a hypothesis describing the sequence of events before, during, and after the crime was committed  
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criminalistics   the application of scientific principles to the identification, analysis, and evaluation of physical evidence. Criminalistics more precisely describes what happens in a crime laboratory than forensic science  
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detective   a police officer who investigates crimes, surveys the crime scene, interviews witnesses, arrests and interrogates suspects, writes reports, and testifies in court  
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duty to preserve   a sworn obligation to the courts to preserve and protect the evidence for a long time  
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evidence   a thing, or information, used to form a conclusion or make a judgment  
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forensic photographer   a profession involving taking crime scene, criminal identification, disaster, and engineering- or product-failure photographs and giving advice on legal matters involving photography  
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forensic photography   the application of photography to legal issues  
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forensic science   the profession that uses science-based activities and procedures to resolve questions and handle evidence involving criminal (and often civil) incidents  
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fraud   an intentional lie or deception done for personal gain and to the harm of others; a category of crime  
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front directional lighting   a lighting technique used by crime scene photographers to visualize untreated fingerprints on glass surfaces; also called axis lighting  
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inquest   a judicial inquiry into the cause of death  
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low-angle lighting   a photographic lighting technique in which an object is illuminated from the side to create shadows that show details  
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macroscopic crime scene   refers to the entire environment of a crime scene, not limited to the precise location of the crime  
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medical examiner   a doctor certified to determine the cause of death and provide other medical evidence in crimes  
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oblique lighting   a photographic lighting technique in which an object is illuminated from the side to create shadows that show details; also called low-angle lighting  
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paramedic   people who provide emergency medical treatment to stabilize a patient for transport to a hospital  
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precision   an indication of how exact a calculation or measurement is  
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primary crime scene   the site where a crime was first committed  
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secondary crime scene   location related to a crime, but not where the initial crime took place  
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significant figures   the number of digits that are meaningful in a measurement or quantity, based on the precision of the instruments used for measurement  
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