Chemistry in Life
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atom | the smallest basic unit of matter
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element | one particular type of atom; it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means
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compound | a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio
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ion | an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
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ionic bond | forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions
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covalent bond | forms when atoms share a pair of electrons
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molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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hydrogen bond | an attraction between a slightly positive atom and a slightly negative atom. often oxygen and nitrogen
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cohesion | the attraction among molecules of a substance
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adhesion | the attraction among molecules of different substances
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solution | a mixture of substances that is the same throughout- it is a homogeneous mixture
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solvent | the substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance
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solute | the substance that dissolves in a solvent
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acid | a compound that releases a proton
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bases | compounds that removes the H* ions from a solution
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pH | a solution's acidity, or H* ion concentration, is measured by this scale
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monomer | each subunit in the complete molecule
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polymer | a large molecule, or macromolecule
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carbohydrates | molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and they include sugars and starches
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lipids | nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils and cholesterol
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fatty acids | chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
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protein | a polymer made of monomers called amino acids
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amino acids | molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
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nucleic acids | polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides
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chemical reaction | change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds
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reactants | the substances changed during a chemical reaction
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products | the substances made by a chemical reaction
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bond energy | the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms
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equilibrium | is reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate
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activation energy | the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start
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exothermic | a chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs
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endothermic | a chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases
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catalyst | a substance that decreases activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and, as a result, also increases the rate of a chemical reaction
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enzymes | catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
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substrates | the specific reactants that an enzyme acts on
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