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Viral characteristic

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Unique properties of viruses   Either DNA or RNA, strict intracellular parasite, replicates in host cell, uses host cell to replicate nucleic acid.  
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viral structure   nucleic acid surrounded by capsid and possibly a lipid or polysaccharide envelope  
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capsid   protein shell around nucleic acid  
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nucleocapsid   nucleic acid + capsid  
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capsomere   structural unit of capsid  
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envelope   lipid membrane around nucleocapsid in some viruses- stolen from host cell, factor of antigenicity  
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vorion   complete viral particle  
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Charactoristics used to classify viruses   DNA or RNA, ss or ds, size and shape of virus, envelope, host cell infected, disease produced  
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prion   proteinatious infectious particle, replicate through conversion of other host proteins  
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diseases caused by prions   Scrapie, Kuru, CJD, BSE bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow)  
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Major steps in viral replication   attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, morphogenesis, release  
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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1)   Fever blisters- infect nervous tissue  
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Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2)   genital area- infect nervous tissue  
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)   found in the lymphotropic- lympatatic system  
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)   found in the lymphotropic- lympatatic system  
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Overall Structure double-stranded DNA genome   encodes for 60-120 genes- 1 copy- linear  
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icosahedralcapsid:   5 diff. proteins  
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tegument:   enclosed a group of protein tha are needed for early infection, they are going to start the replication process. They help turn off the functions  
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Envelope   Viral derives proteins host derived photolipids  
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Infection cycle 1.Binding   invalue viral glycoproteins (gc,gd) Envelope going to search for specific receptors on the host cell  
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RNA transcription/DNA replication In the nucleus: viral DNA can either circularizeddue to cellular DNA repair enzymes circularized state:   the virus becomes latent  
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In the nucleus: viral DNA can either circularizeddue to cellular DNA repair enzymes or it can remain linearthrough the action of the immediate-early ICP0 protein, which inhibits cellular DNA repair. linear state:   a productive replication cycle begins  
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Two main phases of transcription •Early: ____________________________________________ •Late: ____________________________________________   transcription that occures before DNA replicates  
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Two main phases of transcription ____________________________________________ •Late: ____________________________________________   transcription that occures during DNA replication  
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Early transcription Immediately early genes   set of 5  
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Early transcription Immediately early genes   MRNA is formed in the nucleus, they are primed by the tegament proteins  
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Early transcription Immediately early genes   MRNA will leave nucleus and enter cytoplasma looking for ribosomes immediate early proteins go back into lucleus- they they will prime the next round of transcription.  
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Early transcription Delayed early genes   12 geans are needed for the next process structual proteins and replicate DNA  
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Early transcription Late transcription   Structural proteins are being made- host shut down - capsid protein - envelope proteins Start DNA replication Early transcription ends.  
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all Herpesvirusescan establish latencyin the body after primary infection   Latency = virus is dormant in cell  
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Latent herpes viral genome (DNA) may be   circular form inside host cell No treatment to prevent establishment of latent infections. Nor will remove altent virus  
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Latency occurs within specific nerve cells –HSV-1:   trigeninal ganglia  
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Latency occurs within specific nerve cells ––HSV-2:   Sciatic nerve gangha  
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HSV-1 and HSV-2: are not systemic illnesses   will only be infecting one part of your body  
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systemic illnesses   systemic a pathogen able to infect the whole body like to hide inside the cells and avoid the host immune system.  
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Transmission of HSV1   oral to aral  
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HSV1 virus multiplies   in the epithelia cell of the mouth, throat, face - result distrys some cells  
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Cells often fuse together producing   multinuncleated giant cells  
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Blisters develop at the inoculation site   coldsores-fever blisters saliva and cells secretions contain the virus particle  
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Transmission of HSV2   spread via break in skin or mucus membranes- most often throu sexual contact will end up having blisters on the external genitalia  
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HSV2 blister form   large multinucleated cells- can have upto 50,000-200,000 virus per cell  
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HSV2 incubation time   1 week- shedding host cell lyse to reveal virus  
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HSV2 replication   virus will use host machinary to replicate viruses- Shuts down the host matabolism.  
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What are the two enzymes that virus makes   Viral thymidine kinase DNA polymerase  
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Viral thymidine kinase   provide substrates for replication of viral genome  
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DNA polymerase   diff. from the cellular DNA polymerase in subtrate specificity  
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most effective drug agains HSV   Acyclovir (zovirax)  
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Herpes thymidine kinase   add a phosphate group to acyclovir  
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Cellular enzymes   kinases adds 2 phosphate groups  
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Acyclovir has two mechanisms of action Mechanissm 1   acyclovir triphosphate bond to viral DNA- inactivates  
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Acyclovir has two mechanisms of action Mechanissm 2   acyclovir triphosphate incorporated in the newly synthesized virus DNA- stops viral replication  
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varicella   chicken pox  
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Zoster   shingles  
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