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Biology Unit 5 - Prokaryotes

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Term
Definition
endosymbiosis   a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another  
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plasmid   a genetic structure that can replicate independently of the main chromosome(s) of a cell; usually a circular DNA molecule in bacteria  
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flagellum   a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move  
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conjugation   in prokaryotes a type of sexual reproduction in which two cells join temporarily to recombine nuclear material (DNA)  
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asexual reproduction   reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent  
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binary fission   a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size  
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cell membrane   double-layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell  
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phospholipid   a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes  
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fluid mosaic model   model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane  
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selectively permeability   condition or quality of allowing some, but not all, materials to cross a barrier or membrane  
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receptor protein   protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response  
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passive transport   the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell  
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diffusion   the movement of particles from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration  
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concentration gradient   a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance  
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osmosis   the diffusion of water from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration through a membrane that is permeable to water  
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isotonic   solution that has an equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution  
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hypertonic   describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell  
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hypotonic   describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower that the solute concentration inside a cell  
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facilitated diffusion   the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins  
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active transport   the movement of chemical substances, usually across a cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy  
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endocytosis   the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell  
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exocytosis   the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance tot he cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out  
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ribosome   cell structure that makes protein  
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Created by: lpgullett
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