The Muscular System
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flexion | closing the angle at a joint, such as bending at the knee or elbow
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extension | opening the angle at a joint, such as straightening at the knee or elbow
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abduction | movement away from the midline of the body, such as outward movement of the arm at the shoulder
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adduction | movement toward the midline of the body, such as the return of a lifted arm to the body
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rotation | turning of a body part on its own axis, such as turning of the forearm from the elbow
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circumduction | circular movement from a central point, such as tracing a circle with an outstretched arm
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pronation | turning downward, such as turning the palm of the hand downward
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supination | turning upward, such as turning the palm of the hand upward
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eversion | turning outward, such as turning the sole of the foot outward
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inversion | turning inward, such as turning the sole of the foot inward
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dorsiflexion | bending backward, such as moving the foot so that the toes point upward, away from the sole of the foot
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plantar flexion | bending the sole of the foot, such as pointing the toes downward
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acetylcholine (ACh) | A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles
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actin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin
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agonist | A muscle that carries out a given movement (from Greek agon meaning "contest," "struggle")
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antagonist | The muscle that opposes an agonist; it must relax when the agonist contracts
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cardiac muscle | Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall
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fascia | The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin (root: fasci/o) (plural: fasciae)
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fascicle | A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers
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insertion | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton
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muscle | An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that composes such organs (roots: my/o, muscul/o)
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myosin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin
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neuromuscular junction (NMJ) | The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell
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origin | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton
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prime mover | The main muscle involved in a given movement
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skeletal muscle | Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture
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smooth muscle | Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of hollow organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle
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synergist | A muscle that assists a prime mover to produce a given movement
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tendon | A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (roots: ten/o, tendin/o)
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tonus | A state of steady, partial muscle contraction that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o)
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my/o | muscle
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muscul/o | muscle
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in/o | fiber
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fasci/o | fascia
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ten/o, tendin/o | tendon
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ton/o | tone
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erg/o | work
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kin/o-, kine, kinesi/o, kinet/o | movement
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | A disease caused by motor neuron degeneration resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease
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chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) | A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; may be virally induced
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dermatomyositis | A disease of unknown origin involving muscular inflammation as well as dermatitis and skin rashes
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fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) | A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and stiffness and having no known cause
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muscular dystrophy | A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
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myasthenia gravis (MG) | A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness; an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction
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polymyositis | A disease of unknown cause involving muscular inflammation and weakness
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repetitive strain injury (RSI) | Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing, painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome
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sprain | Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture
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strain | Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; if severe, may involve muscular tearing, bleeding, separation of a muscle from its tendon, or tendon separation from a bone
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tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites; also spelled tendonitis
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tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath
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creatine kinase (CK) | An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum CK level increases in cases of muscle damage; creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
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electromyography (EMG) | Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction
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aponeurosis | A flat, white, sheet-like tendon that connects a muscle with the part that it moves (see abdominal aponeurosis)
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creatine | A substance in muscle cells that stores energy for contraction
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glycogen | A complex sugar that is stored for energy in muscles and in the liver
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isometric | Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle tenses but does not shorten (literally: same measurement)
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isotonic | Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle shortens to accomplish movement (literally: same tone)
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kinesthesia | Awareness of movement; perception of the weight, direction, and degree of movement (-esthesia means "sensation")
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lactic acid | An acid that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without enough oxygen (anaerobically), as in times of great physical exertion
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motor unit | A single motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that its branches stimulate
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myoglobin | A protein similar to hemoglobin that stores oxygen in muscle cells
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asterixis | Rapid, jerky movements, especially in the hands, caused by intermittent loss of muscle tone
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asthenia | Weakness (prefix a- meaning "without" with root sthen/o meaning "strength")
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ataxia | Lack of muscle coordination (from root tax/o meaning "order, arrangement") (adjective: ataxic)
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athetosis | A condition marked by slow, irregular, twisting movements, especially in the hands and fingers (adjective: athetotic)
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atrophy | A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as muscular wasting from disuse
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avulsion | Forcible tearing away of a part
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clonus | Alternating spasmodic contraction and relaxation in a muscle (adjective: clonic)
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contracture | Permanent contraction of a muscle
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fasciculation | Involuntary small contractions or twitching of muscle fiber groups (fasiculi)
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fibromyositis | A nonspecific term for pain, tenderness, and stiffness in muscles and joints
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fibrositis | Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, especially the muscle fasciae; marked by pain and stiffness
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restless legs syndrome (RLS) | Uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness in the legs that occurs after going to bed and often leading to insomnia; may be caused by poor circulation or drug side effects
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rhabdomyolysis | An acute disease involving diffuse destruction of skeletal muscle cells (root rhabd/o means "rod," referring to the long, rod-like muscle cells)
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rhabdomyoma | A benign tumor of skeletal muscle
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rhabdomyosarcoma | A highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
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rheumatism | A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles associated with joint pain (adjectives: rheumatic, rheumatoid)
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spasm | A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction; may be clonic (contraction alternating with relaxation) or tonic (sustained); a strong and painful spasm may be called a cramp (adjectives: spastic, spasmodic)
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spasticity | Increased tone or contractions of muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
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tetanus | An acute infectious disease caused by the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani; marked by persistent painful spasms of voluntary muscles; lockjaw
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tetany | A condition marked by spasms, cramps, and muscle twitching caused by a metabolic imbalance, such as low blood calcium resulting from underactivity of the parathyroid glands
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torticollis | Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck; wryneck
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Chvostek sign | Spasm of facial muscles after a tap over the facial nerve; evidence of tetany
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dynamometer | Instrument for measuring degree of muscle power; from root dynam/o meaning "force, energy;" also called ergometer
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occupational therapy (OT) | Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and prevention of disability; exercise, massage, and other therapeutic methods are used to restore proper movement
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physical therapy (PT) | Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and prevention of disability; exercise, massage, and other therapeutic methods are used to restore proper movement
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rheumatology | The study and treatment of rheumatic diseases
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Trousseau sign | Spasmodic contractions caused by pressing the nerve supplying a muscle; seen in tetany
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antiinflammatory agent | Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as cortisol, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
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COX-2 inhibitor | Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that does not cause the stomach problems associated with other NSAIDs; inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme without affecting the COX-1 enzyme, a lack of which can cause stomach ulcers
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muscle relaxant | A drug that reduces muscle tension; different forms may be used to relax muscles during surgery, to control spasticity, or to relieve musculoskeletal pain
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nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) | Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation
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ACh | Acetylcholine
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ALS | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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CFS | Chronic fatigue syndrome
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C(P)K | Creatine (phospho)kinase
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CTS | Carpal tunnel syndrome
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EMG | Electromyography, electromyogram
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FMS | Fibromyalgia syndrome
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LLE | Left lower extremity
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LUE | Left upper extremity
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MG | Myasthenia gravis
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MMT | Manual muscle test(ing)
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NMJ | Neuromuscular junction
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OT | Occupational therapy/therapist
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PT | Physical therapy/therapist
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RICE | Rest, ice, compression, elevation
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RLE | Right lower extremity
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RLS | Restless legs syndrome
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ROM | Range of motion
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RSI | Repetitive strain injury
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RTC | Rotator cuff
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RUE | Right upper extremity
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SITS | Suspraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (muscles)
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