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Basic chemistry terms in chapter two

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Atoms   The smallest functional unit of an element that remains all the properties of that element  
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Protons   Positive particles found in the nucleus  
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Neutrons   Neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus  
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Electrons   Negatively charged particles found in the orbitals  
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Orbital   Area of an atom in which the probability of an electron is high  
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S-orbitals   spherical; 'first' layer of an atom and has a maximum number of eight electrons  
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P-orbitals   propeller or dumbbell shaped  
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Atomic Mass   indicates an atoms mass relative to the mass of other atoms; number of protons and neutrons  
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Isotopes   multiple forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons  
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Atomic Number   Number of protons in an atom  
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Molecule   Two or more atoms bonded together  
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Molecular Formula   Contains chemical symbols of elements found in a molecule with subscript indicating how many of each atom are present  
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Compound   Molecule composed of two or more elements  
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Three types of Bonds   Covalent (polar and nonpolar), hydrogen, and ionic.  
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Covalent   involves atoms that share a pair of electrons  
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Hydrogen bonds   form when a hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar molecule  
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Ionic Bonds   occur when a cation binds to an anion  
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Cations   Net positive charge  
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Anions   Net negative charge  
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Ionic Bonds   An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons  
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Chemical Equilibrium   The state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.  
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Solvent   Liquid  
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Solute   Substances that dissolve in solvent  
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Hydrophilic   Molecules that are water loving  
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Hydrophobic   Molecules that are water fearing  
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Amphipathic   Molecules that have both polar/ionized and nonpolar regions that form micelles (hydrophobic spheres) in water  
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Concentration   Amount of a solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution  
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Molarity   Number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 Liter of water  
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Cohesion   Attraction between water molecules  
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Adhesion   Attraction between water molecules and surrounding molecules  
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